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Probability, theories of
| Glossary of Statistical Terms |
A theory of probability is a way of assigning meaning to probability statements such as "the chance that a thumbtack lands point-up is 2/3." that is, a theory of probability connects the mathematics of probability, which is the set of consequences of the axioms of probability, with the real world of observation and experiment. there are several common theories of probability. according to the frequency theory of probability, the probability of an event is the limit of the percentage of times that the event occurs in repeated, independent trials under essentially the same circumstances. according to the subjective theory of probability, a probability is a number that measures how strongly we believe an event will occur. the number is on a scale of 0% to 100%, with 0% indicating that we are completely sure it won`t occur, and 100% indicating that we are completely sure that it will occur. according to the theory of equally likely outcomes, if an experiment has n possible outcomes, and (for example, by symmetry) there is no reason that any of the n possible outcomes should occur preferentially to any of the others, then the chance of each outcome is 100%/n. each of these theories has its limitations, its proponents, and its detractors.
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Frequency theory of probability, английский
Probability, theories of
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Probability, p, английский
The likelihood an event will occur, usually stated as a decimal fraction between 0 and 1, 0 meaning that the event will never occur and 1 meaning that the event will always occur. for example, p=0.05 means there is a 5% chance that an event will occur. commonly used in quality control to describe the chance that a run will be rejected.
Theor, английский
Theoretical
Theorell, английский
Theorem, английский
- Теорема
- Теорема ~ of least work теорема о наименьшей работе ~ of minimum potential energy теорема минимума потенциальной энергии ~ of three moments теорема трёх моментов ~ of virtual displacement теорема [принцип] возможных перемещений ~ of virtual work теорема о возможной работе castigliano`s ~s теоремы кастильяно eddy`s - теорема эдди (для вычисления изгибающих моментов в любом сечении арки)
Theoretic, английский
Theoretic(al), английский
Theoretical, английский
- Теоретический
- Теоретический theor/y теория; учение; принцип; гипотеза ~ of buckling теория продольного изгиба ~ of elasticity теория упругости ~ of elastic stability теория устойчивости упругих систем ~ies of failure теории [гипотезы] прочности ~ of plastic behavior теория пластичности ~ of plasticity теория пластичности ~ of plates теория тонких пластин ~ of shallow shells теория пологих оболочек ~ of shells теория оболочек ~ of stability теория устойчивости ~ of structures теория сооружений, строительная механика ~ of thin shells теория тонких оболочек ~ of torsion теория кручения
Theoretical capaslty pump, английский
Насос с ццеальной подачей
Theoretical density, английский
Theoretical depression, английский
Theoretical depth at altitude, английский
Theoretical duration of a significant interval, английский
Theoretical epidemiology, английский
Theoretical fan depression, английский
Theoretical futures price, английский
The equilibrium futures price. also called the fair price.
Theoretical margin, английский
Theoretical maximum density, английский
Теоретическая максимальная плотность
Theoretical metrology, английский
Theoretical prediction, английский
Теоретическое прогнозирование
Theoretical probability distribution, английский
- Теоретическое распределение вероятно-стей. ожидаемое число случаев, необходимое для получения определенного числа благоприятных исходов в большом количестве опытов [20]. важными видами теоретического распределения вероятностей являются нормальное, хи-квадрат, t-и f- распределения. z-distribution
- Теоретическое распределение вероятностей. см. distribution (распределение).
- Теоретическое распределение вероятностей. ожидаемое число случаев, необходимое для получения определенного числа благоприятных исходов в большом количестве опытов [20]. важными видами теоретического распределения вероятностей являются нормальное, хиквадрат, tи f распределения.
Probability, английский
- Probability can be generally defined as a measure of how likely some event will occur. the event could be an explosion, a lottery win or perhaps cancer induction. mathematically speaking, the value of probability varies between 0 and 1 where 0 means an ev
- Вероятность. возможность.
- The probability of an event is a number between zero and 100%. the meaning (interpretation) of probability is the subject of theories of probability, which differ in their interpretations. however, any rule for assigning probabilities to events has to satisfy the axioms of probability.
- Вероятность
- Вероятность probability sample, syn. random sample
- Вероятность. мера случайности появления конкретного события. например, вероятность случайного выбора из популяции человека с конкретным качеством соответствует доле людей в популяции, обладающих этим качеством.
- Вероятность; возможность
- Вероятность; обеспеченность (гидрологической величины) ~ of no-failure вероятность безотказной работы
- Probability is a method for representing uncertainty about propositions or events. it represents the uncertainty about a proposition on a scale from 0 to 1, with a 0 representing complete certainty that the proposition is false or an event will not occur and a value of one will represent the opposite. formally, a probability measure is one that follows kolmogorov`s axioms. there are two main schools of thought on the meaning of probability. frequentists take a narrow interpretation of probability allowing only hypothetically repeatable events or experiments as being quantifiable by probability, while bayesians take a broader interpretation that allows reasoning about "one-shot" events and propositions based on the current knowledge about nature. the bayesian interpretation is most commonly used in artificial intelligence, while the frequentist interpretation is most commonly taught in statistics courses. the label "bayesian" arises from the central role that the bayes theorem plays in this use of probability. it allows one to reason from effects to causes and encourages the use of probability measures to describe supposedly fixed events or propositions which frequentists disallow. the probability for these events reflects one`s state of knowledge about the event, rather than being an assertion that the unknown event can vary. for example, a bayesian would have no qualms about making statements about the probability that a given die, rolled and hidden from his sight is, for example, a six. a frequentist would be unable to make such a statement, preferring to talk about his confidence in the method when applied to a hypothetically large number of repeated experiments. in the end, they would act in similar ways. when the long run data are available, bayesians and frequentists end up with the same estimates. see also: bayes theorem, kolmogorov`s axioms.
- Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления неко-его события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относитель-ная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результа-тов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].
- The likelihood of something happening. for example, sale being made.
- Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления некоего события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относительная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результатов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].
- The relative likelihood of a particular outcome among all possible outcomes.
- Likelihood that an event may occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1.
Mathematics, английский
- The science which treats of every kind of quantity that can be numbered or measured.
- Математика
- Originally, the science of number and quantity. but with the birth pf numerous more qualitative formalisms, (e.g., logic, propositional calculi, set theory), with the emergence of the unifying idea of a mathematical structure, with the advent of the axiomatic method emphasising inference, proof and the descriptions of complex systems in terms of simple axioms, and, finally, with self-reflective efforts such as meta-mathematics, mathematics has become the autonomous (->autonomy) science of formal constructions. emphasising its formal character and its applicability to all conceivable worlds, mathematics has been likened to a language whose semantics is supplied by other sciences or by particular applications. although all constructions are inventions of the human mind, cannot be found in nature and have no necessary connection with the world outside mathematics, they nevertheless arise in conjunction with solving certain kinds of problems:(1) real world problems, (e.g., geometry evolved in efforts of measuring the earth, game theory grew out of concerns for social conflict resolution, statistics from the need to test hypotheses on large numbers of observations, recursive function theory from the desire for efficient algorithms,) (2) intellectual curiosity and playfulness, (e.g., markov chain theory stems from interest in poetry, probability theory from games of chance, the four-color problem, symmetry and much of topology (see the mobiusband) from`interest in artistic expression), and (3) interest in the powers and limitations of ma thema tics and the mind, (e. g., goedel` s incompleteness theorem from the inherent undecidability or incompleteness of systems, the theory of logical types from disturbing paradoxes, the differential and integral calculi from efforts to transcend the smallest distinctions practically possible). ,however, it is a characteristic of mathematics that the problems giving rise to its constructions are soon forgotten and the constructions develop a life of their own, checked only by such validity criteria as internal consistency, decidability and completeness. empirical data from an existing world do not threaten the products of mathematics. 48 matrix; a many-dimensional arrangement of numbers suitable to various transformations which form the basis of matrix algebra. a one-dimensional matrix is called a scalar. most frequent are two-dimensional, n-by-m, matrices which might contain the coefficients (->parameter) of a set of linear equations or specify a mapping from an n-dimensional to a m-dimensional vector space (->hyperspace).
Consequences, английский
Observation, английский
- Наблюдение; измерение
- Наблюдение; измерение оцт object задача; цель
- Observación
- The process of watching and examining a person or thing over a period of time she was admitted to hospital for observation.
- N наблюдение
- Наблюдение
- In nautical astronomy, denotes the taking the sun, moon, or stars` altitude with a quadrant or sextant, in order thereby to find the latitude or time; also, the lunar distances.
- [1] general; the act of measuring some magnitude with an instrument, such as the time of an occultation (with a clock); the right ascension of a star (with a transit instrument and clock); the sun’s altitude, or the distance of the moon from a star (with a sextant); the temperature (with a thermometer); etc. [2] nautical; a celestial sighting, taken in order to calculate a time or position. [3] the information so acquired.
Experiment, английский
- What distinguishes an experiment from an observational study is that in an experiment, the experimenter decides who receives the treatment.
- Эксперимент
- A scientific test conducted under set conditions the scientists did some experiments to try the new drug on a small sample of people.
- N экспе- римент (см. тж. test) associative ~ псхлнгв. ассоциативный экспе- римент psycholinguistic ~ психолингвистический экс- перимент
- Эксперимент; опыт, опытное исследование
Percentage, английский
- Pourcentage
- Процент
- The proportion rate in every hundred or for every hundred what is the percentage of long-stay patients in the hospital?
- Процент; процентное содержание; процентный состав; процентное отношение percentage-of-completion method метод "по мере готовности"
- Процентное значение; значение величины, выраженное в процентах; процентное содержание о ~ by
- Комиссионные (выраженные в процентах)
Independent, английский
- One who logs and sells his output on the open market; not associated with a mill or under company or dealer contract (19).
- Независимый; автономный
- Независимый, автономный
- Независимый, самостоятельный; рантье (лицо, живущее на доходы от капитала)
- Независимый
- A независимый
- A merchant ship under naval control, but sailing alone and unescorted by any warship.
Essentially, английский
- По существу; главным образом см. substantially
- No существу; главным образом
Circumstances, английский
Обстоятельства, условия, положение дел; финансовое состояние
Subjective, английский
A свойственный подле- жащему case
Completely, английский
Вполне; полностью; совершенно
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Lower quartile (lq), английский
Quartiles
Frequency theory of probability, английский
Probability, theories of
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