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Consensus (bitcoin’s process consensus)
| Глоссарий по криптовалютам и блокчейну |
Developers suggest bitcoin improvements/modifications, small or big, proposals on github, bitcointalk, reddit, mailing lists, etc. discussion on this level is critical to enable smooth runtime consensus transitions.modifications with reference implementations get tested on the testnet. after successful testing deveopers implement the changes into the bitcoin software. who has a say in the consensus process?: (1) software developers (do the reference implementations), (2) miners (runtime consensus for mining blocks), (3) exchanges (they run nodes that validate transactions), (4) wallet companies (create transactions run on nodes), (5) merchants (merchant processing also through nodes)
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Improvements, английский
Valuable additions to the land, such as buildings, fences, roads, etc., which increase the value of the property.
Discussion, английский
- A post, comments, and responses made within a conversation space, such as a message board, help board, community, newsgroup, or blog. these exchanges are usually publicly viewable. participation may require credentials, such as a windows live id.
- A type of text which seeks to discuss the issue rather than to persuade the reader / hearer of the truth of a proposition.
Successful, английский
It`s the combos of repeated consonants that can make spelling successful, well, unsuccessful. just know that it has the doubles in the middle (two "s`s" and two "c`s"), but only one consonant at the beginning and one at the end.
Transactions, английский
Операции (в снс; понятия, относящиеся к реализации товаров и услуг экономическими единицами, получающими за это определенную компенсацию; по характеру объектов подразделяются на текущие, т. е. предназначенные для немедленного использования или потребления, и капитальные операции, т. е. по увеличению национального богатства)
Processing, английский
- Обработка (напр. данных); технология
- N обработка cognitive ~ когнитивная обработка language ~ когн.
- Обработка ~ of materials обработка [переработка] материалов
- A language originally designed for artists to allow them to do simple graphical design programs in a movie like paradigm.
- The preparation or packaging of fish to render it suitable for human consumption, retail sale, industrial use, or long-term storage, including but not limited to cooking, canning, smoking, salting, drying, filleting, freezing, or rendering into meal or oil, but not heading and gutting unless additional preparation is done.
- Under the gdpr, “processing” is any operation that is performed on personal data. this includes collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation, alteration, dissemination, erasure or destruction.
Improvement, английский
- Улучшение; усовершенствование
- A structure or public utility or any other installation or physical change made in a property to increase its value and utility or to improve its appearance. in. abbr. for “inch.” inactive leaf, inactive door that leaf of a pair of doors which does not contain a lock, and to which the strike plate is fastened to receive the latch or bolt of the active leaf; usually it is fixed in a closed position by bolts at the top and bottom of the door. impervious cover 530 impluvium, a impost, 1
- The act of getting better the patient’s condition has shown a slight improvement. doctors have not detected any improvement in her asthma.
- Улучшение; усовершенствование; модернизация
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Double spending, английский
Double-spending is the result of successfully spending some money more than once. bitcoin is the first to implemented a solution in early 2009 which protects against double spending by verifying each transaction added to the blockchain to ensure that the inputs for the transaction had not previously already been spent
Block (on the bitcoin blockchain), английский
Data is permanently recorded in the bitcoin network through files called blocks. a block is a record of some or all of the most recent bitcoin transactions that have not yet been recorded in any prior blocks. new blocks are added to the end of the record (known as the blockchain), and can never be changed or removed once written (although some software will remove them if they are orphaned). each block memorializes what took place in the minutes before it was created. each block contains a record of some or all recent transactions and a reference to the block that came immediately before it. it also contains an answer to a difficult-to-solve mathematical puzzle – the answer to which is unique to each block. new blocks cannot be submitted to the network without the correct answer – the process of “mining” is essentially the process of competing to be the next to find the answer that “solves” the current block. the mathematical problem in each block is extremely difficult to solve, but once a valid solution is found, it is very easy for the rest of the network to confirm that the solution is correct. there are multiple valid solutions for any given block – only one of the solutions needs to be found for the block to be solved. because there is a reward of brand new bitcoins for solving each block, every block also contains a record of which bitcoin addresses or scripts are entitled to receive the reward. this record is known as a generation transaction, or a coinbase transaction, and is always the first transaction appearing in every block. the number of bitcoins generated per block starts at 50 and is halved every 210,000 blocks (about four years). bitcoin transactions are broadcast to the network by the sender, and all peers trying to solve blocks collect the transaction records and add them to the block they are working to solve. miners get incentive to include transactions in their blocks because of attached transaction fees. the difficulty of the mathematical problem is automatically adjusted by the network, such that it targets a goal of solving an average of 6 blocks per hour. every 2016 blocks (solved in about two weeks), all bitcoin clients compare the actual number created with this goal and modify the target by the percentage that it varied. the network comes to a consensus and automatically increases (or decreases) the difficulty of generating blocks. because each block contains a reference to the prior block, the collection of all blocks in existence can be said to form a chain. however, it’s possible for the chain to have temporary splits – for example, if two miners arrive at two different valid solutions for the same block at the same time, unbeknownst to one another. the peer-to-peer network is designed to resolve these splits within a short period of time, so that only one branch of the chain survives. the client accepts the ‘longest’ chain of blocks as valid. the ‘length’ of the entire block chain refers to the chain with the most combined difficulty, not the one with the most blocks. this prevents someone from forking the chain and creating a large number of low-difficulty blocks, and having it accepted by the network as ‘longest’
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