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Proof of work
| Глоссарий по криптовалютам и блокчейну |
- Pow system/protocol/function is an economic measure to deter denial of service attacks and other service abuses such as spam on a network by requiring some work from the service requester, usually meaning processing time by a computer. the concept may have been first presented by cynthia dwork and moni naor in a 1993 journal. the term “proof of work” was first coined and formalized in a 1999 paper by markus jakobsson and ari juels. a key feature of these schemes is their asymmetry: the work must be moderately hard (but feasible) on the requester side but easy to check for the service provider. this idea is also known as a cpu cost function, client puzzle, computational puzzle or cpu pricing function
- One important property of a block in bitcoin, ethereum and many other crypto-ledgers is that the hash of the block must be smaller than some target value. the reason this is necessary is that in a decentralized system anyone can produce blocks, so in order to prevent the network from being flooded with blocks, and to provide a way of measuring how much consensus there is behind a particular version of the blockchain, it must in some way be hard to produce a block. because hashes are pseudorandom, finding a block whose hash is less than takes an average of 4.3 billion attempts. in all such systems, the target value self-adjusts so that on average one node in the network finds a block every n minutes (eg. n = 10 for bitcoin and 1 for ethereum).
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Proof, английский
- Any fact or evidence that leads to a judgment of the court
- A printed sample of work to be checked for errors in text, positioning or quality of colour reproduction.
- Доказательство
- The trial of the quality of arms, ammunition, &c., before their reception for service. guns are proved by various examinations, and by the firing of prescribed charges; powder by examinations, and by carefully measured firings from each batch.
- [1] to test a gun by firing it. [2] an arbitrary benchmark used by the distillery industry to rate the strength of an alcoholic liquor against a standard of 100 (defined as representing 50 percent alcohol by volume).
Proof, английский
Proof battleships, английский
Proof coin, английский
Монета из первой партии (для коллекционеров, торговцев и т.п.)
Proof container, английский
- Коробка для безопасного уничтожения острых медицинских отходов (кбу) предназначена для сбора и уничтожения острых предметов и инструментария; представляет собой непрокалываемую ёмкость, в которую помещают шприцы и иглы сразу после их использования для временного хранения до уничтожения.
- Контейнер для хранения отработанных острых предметов и инструментария см. также safety box (контейнер безопасности).
Proof listing, английский
Контрольный листинг; контрольная распечатка
Proof load, английский
A predetermined load, generally some multiple of the service load, to which a specimen or structure is submitted before acceptance for use.
Proof of, английский
Proof of address, английский
Proof of age, identity, citizenship or legal residence status, английский
Подтверждение возраста, личности, гражданства или законного права на жительства
Proof of authority(poa), английский
A proof of authority is a consensus mechanism in a private blockchain which essentially gives one client(or a specific number of clients) with one particular private key the right to make all of the blocks in the blockchain
Proof of concept, английский
The verification that the selected technology performs according to pre-established criteria in a lab environment designed to simulate the production environment.
Proof of concept (poc) phase, английский
A small exercise to test a discrete design idea or assumption (see figures 22-24).
Proof of delivery, английский
Proof of knowledge, английский
Proof of novelty, английский
Доказательство новизны (изобретения)
Proof of purchase, английский
- Регистрационная карточка
- The original receipt or other document which confirms acquisition of a particular product.
Proof of service, английский
A form filed with the court that proves that court papers were properly delivered to someone
Proof of stake, английский
Proof-of-stake (pos) is a method by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network aims to achieve distributed consensus. while the proof-of-work (pow) method asks users to repeatedly run hashing algorithms or other client puzzles, to validate electronic transactions, proof-of-stake asks users to prove ownership of a certain amount of currency (their “stake” in the currency). peercoin was the first cryptocurrency to launch using proof-of-stake. other prominent implementations are found in bitshares, nxt, blackcoin, nushares/nubits and qora. ethereum has planned a hard fork transition from pow to pos consensus. decred hybridizes pow with pos and combines elements of both in an attempt to garner the benefits of the two systems and create a more robust notion of consensus. with proof of work, the probability of mining a block depends on the work done by the miner (e.g. cpu/gpu cycles spent checking hashes). in the case of bitcoin, with proof of stake, the resource that’s compared is the amount of bitcoin a miner holds – someone holding 1% of the bitcoin can mine 1% of the “proof of stake blocks”. instead of sacrificing energy to mine a block, a user must prove they own a certain amount of the cryptocurrency to generate a block. the more stake you own, the more likely you are to generate a block. in theory, this should prevent users from creating forks because it will devalue their stake and it should save a lot of energy. proof of stake sounds like a good idea, but ironically, there is the “nothing at stake” problem. since mining bitcoins is costly, it is not smart to waste your energy on a fork that won’t earn you any money, however with proof of stake, it is free to mine a fork
Proof of work nonce, английский
A meaningless value in a block which can be adjusted in order to try to satisfy the proof of work condition
Processing, английский
- Обработка (напр. данных); технология
- N обработка cognitive ~ когнитивная обработка language ~ когн.
- Обработка ~ of materials обработка [переработка] материалов
- A language originally designed for artists to allow them to do simple graphical design programs in a movie like paradigm.
- The preparation or packaging of fish to render it suitable for human consumption, retail sale, industrial use, or long-term storage, including but not limited to cooking, canning, smoking, salting, drying, filleting, freezing, or rendering into meal or oil, but not heading and gutting unless additional preparation is done.
- Under the gdpr, “processing” is any operation that is performed on personal data. this includes collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation, alteration, dissemination, erasure or destruction.
Computational, английский
- Вычислительный
- A компьютерный; вычислительный linguistics, semantics computed a компьютерный (выполненный при помощи компьютера ) (см. тж. computeraided) tomography
- Машинный; вычислительный; численный
- Ехре г i епсе
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Proof of stake, английский
Proof-of-stake (pos) is a method by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network aims to achieve distributed consensus. while the proof-of-work (pow) method asks users to repeatedly run hashing algorithms or other client puzzles, to validate electronic transactions, proof-of-stake asks users to prove ownership of a certain amount of currency (their “stake” in the currency). peercoin was the first cryptocurrency to launch using proof-of-stake. other prominent implementations are found in bitshares, nxt, blackcoin, nushares/nubits and qora. ethereum has planned a hard fork transition from pow to pos consensus. decred hybridizes pow with pos and combines elements of both in an attempt to garner the benefits of the two systems and create a more robust notion of consensus. with proof of work, the probability of mining a block depends on the work done by the miner (e.g. cpu/gpu cycles spent checking hashes). in the case of bitcoin, with proof of stake, the resource that’s compared is the amount of bitcoin a miner holds – someone holding 1% of the bitcoin can mine 1% of the “proof of stake blocks”. instead of sacrificing energy to mine a block, a user must prove they own a certain amount of the cryptocurrency to generate a block. the more stake you own, the more likely you are to generate a block. in theory, this should prevent users from creating forks because it will devalue their stake and it should save a lot of energy. proof of stake sounds like a good idea, but ironically, there is the “nothing at stake” problem. since mining bitcoins is costly, it is not smart to waste your energy on a fork that won’t earn you any money, however with proof of stake, it is free to mine a fork
Mining (bitcoin), английский
Mining is the process of adding transaction records to bitcoin’s public ledger of past transactions or blockchain. this ledger of past transactions is called the blockchain as it is a chain of blocks. the block chain serves to confirm transactions to the rest of the network as having taken place. bitcoin nodes use the blockchain to distinguish legitimate bitcoin transactions from attempts to re-spend coins that have already been spent elsewhere. mining is intentionally designed to be resource-intensive and challenging so that the number of blocks found each day by miners remains steady. individual blocks must contain a proof of work to be considered valid. this proof of work is verified by other bitcoin nodes each time they receive a block. bitcoin uses the hashcash proof-of-work function. the primary purpose of mining is to allow bitcoin nodes to reach a secure, tamper-resistant consensus. mining is also the mechanism used to introduce bitcoins into the system: miners are paid any transaction fees as well as a “subsidy” of newly created coins. this both serves the purpose of disseminating new coins in a decentralized manner as well as motivating people to provide security for the system
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