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Admirals in the united states navy
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Having just overthrown a monarchy, and being imbued with ideals of equality, congress was initially reluctant to introduce the title of admiral which it felt would create an “aristocracy of the sea” unsuitable for a nascent republic. until the huge naval expansion of the civil war there were no flag officers, with captains in command of squadrons being temporarily awarded the courtesy title of commodore. permanent commodores (1-star) and rear admirals (2-stars) were introduced in 1862, followed by vice admirals (3-stars) in 1864, and full admirals (4-stars) in 1866. in 1891, however, the two senior ranks were allowed to lapse. eight years later, the permanent rank of commodore was abolished leaving only rear admirals, who were divided into upper and lower halves, with pay differences, but both wearing two stars. in 1915, with world war i raging, the commanders- in-chief of the atlantic, pacific and asiatic fleets were awarded the temporary rank of admiral, and their seconds-in-command that of vice admiral. a year later the chief of naval operations was also given temporary admiral rank. however, the navy register continued to list these officers in their permanent grade of rear admiral. it was not until july 1941, with world war ii looming over the united states, that congress authorized president roosevelt to award permanent commissions to three and four star admirals. in april 1943, the rank of commodore (1-star) was re-established for the duration of the war, after which it again lapsed. see also commodore admiral and table 15. admiral’s watch: informal usn term for the second dog watch when the embarked flag officer traditionally visits the bridge to chat with the vessel’s commanding officer. 19 admiral’s
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Aristocracy, английский
Unsuitable, английский
Temporarily, английский
Временно
Differences, английский
Цифровой избирательный вызов, цив - технология радиосвязи, при которой предварительное согласование канала вызова другого судна осуществляется не широковещательно на голосовом канале, а на отдельном цифровом канале. после согласования рабочего канал
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Admiralship, английский
The combination of character traits and professional skills that allows a naval commander to develop successful strategies and tactics.
Admirals in the royal navy, английский
The first english admiral is believed to have been william de leyburn, appointed by king edward i in 1297 with the title admiral of the sea of the king of england. the subordinate positions of vice and rear admiral were not introduced until the 16th century; initially as appointments to command the white (van) and blue (rear) squadrons rather than official ranks. by 1743, squadrons had become much larger, so each was divided into three sections and for the next sixty-two years there were rear-admirals, vice-admirals, and admirals in each of three colors (see british ensigns). promotion was based on seniority, and the only way to advance was for a vacancy to be created by promotion, death, or resignation. the nine-step flag rank hierarchy was based on a combination of grade and squadron, running from rear-admiral of the blue as the most junior flag officer, to admiral of the red as the senior: rear squadron lead squadron center squadron 1. rear-admiral 2. rear-admiral 3. rear-admiral (blue) (white) (red) 4. vice-admiral 5. vice-admiral 6. vice admiral (blue) (white) (red) 7. admiral 8. admiral 9. admiral (blue) (white) (red) then, as explained by michael lewis in the navy of britain (london, george allen & unwin, 1948), a clerical mistake introduced a tenth grade: the man who commanded the whole also commanded the central—and therefore the most important— squadron, the red.... he was therefore, in practice both admiral of the fleet and admiral of the red. but since it is always a man’s tendency to use the highest title to which he has a right, he almost always called himself by the former name.... the tenth kind of flag officer—admiral of the red as distinct from admiral of the fleet—was only introduced, as the result of an error, in 1805. in 1864, the color-coding was abandoned and the number of flag ranks was reduced to the current three, excluding the now dormant admiral of the fleet.
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