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Mathematica
| Глоссарий по искусственному интеллекту |
A computer system for symbolic mathematics and mathematical/logical computation. it is a descendent of such programs as macsyma and reduce. steven wolram invented mathematica which is available from the mathematica company.
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Mathematics, английский
- The science which treats of every kind of quantity that can be numbered or measured.
- Математика
- Originally, the science of number and quantity. but with the birth pf numerous more qualitative formalisms, (e.g., logic, propositional calculi, set theory), with the emergence of the unifying idea of a mathematical structure, with the advent of the axiomatic method emphasising inference, proof and the descriptions of complex systems in terms of simple axioms, and, finally, with self-reflective efforts such as meta-mathematics, mathematics has become the autonomous (->autonomy) science of formal constructions. emphasising its formal character and its applicability to all conceivable worlds, mathematics has been likened to a language whose semantics is supplied by other sciences or by particular applications. although all constructions are inventions of the human mind, cannot be found in nature and have no necessary connection with the world outside mathematics, they nevertheless arise in conjunction with solving certain kinds of problems:(1) real world problems, (e.g., geometry evolved in efforts of measuring the earth, game theory grew out of concerns for social conflict resolution, statistics from the need to test hypotheses on large numbers of observations, recursive function theory from the desire for efficient algorithms,) (2) intellectual curiosity and playfulness, (e.g., markov chain theory stems from interest in poetry, probability theory from games of chance, the four-color problem, symmetry and much of topology (see the mobiusband) from`interest in artistic expression), and (3) interest in the powers and limitations of ma thema tics and the mind, (e. g., goedel` s incompleteness theorem from the inherent undecidability or incompleteness of systems, the theory of logical types from disturbing paradoxes, the differential and integral calculi from efforts to transcend the smallest distinctions practically possible). ,however, it is a characteristic of mathematics that the problems giving rise to its constructions are soon forgotten and the constructions develop a life of their own, checked only by such validity criteria as internal consistency, decidability and completeness. empirical data from an existing world do not threaten the products of mathematics. 48 matrix; a many-dimensional arrangement of numbers suitable to various transformations which form the basis of matrix algebra. a one-dimensional matrix is called a scalar. most frequent are two-dimensional, n-by-m, matrices which might contain the coefficients (->parameter) of a set of linear equations or specify a mapping from an n-dimensional to a m-dimensional vector space (->hyperspace).
Mathematical, английский
- Analyzer, numerical integrator and computer эвм «маньяк»
- Математический
Computation, английский
- Вычисление; расчет сомртм`т compartment помещение; отсек
- Вычисление
- Вычисление, расчёт о to
- The process of computing
- Исчисление
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Object oriented language, английский
A computer language that treats data and data structures as objects, and which can send and receive messages or commands, and act upon those. this differs from traditional procedural languages, where the results are obtained through a series of procedures that is applied to the data.
Weakly learnable, английский
A concept class is weakly learnable by a machine learning algorithm l if the algorithm l returns, with a least a fixed probability, a learning rule that has less than a fixed maximum for any distribution over the attribute space. this assumes that the learning algorithm l can access a statistical oracle that returns the average concept for any x. this differs from the probably approximately correct (pac) learning models, which require the learning algorithm to be able to return a rule for any arbitrarily large confidence and/or arbitrarily small error rate. schapire and freund have demonstrated that a weakly learnable concept class can be converted to a pac learnable concept class using boosting. see also: probably approximately correct (pac) learning model.
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