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Prqblem
| Глоссарий по кибернетике |
Literally, something thrown foreward (in time). specifically, a cognitive instability or disposition which demands of an organism that something be done to change its current behavior or that it away from an existing undesirious and problematic state. problems need not be caused by disturbances from the organisms environment (->adaptation) but may also be the product of cognition itself, particularily when the brain is complex and self-organizing (->self-organization, ->problem-formulation, ->problem-solving). prqblem-formulation
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Instability, английский
- The tendency for air parcels to accelerate their motion when they are displaced from their original position; especially, the tendency to accelerate upward after being lifted by either topographical features, convergence, or the condensation of water vapour within the air parcel which warms the air.
- Неустойчивость
- In a structure, the sudden loss of stiffness that limits its load-carrying capability, and in some cases results in the structure’s failure.
- Неустойчивость; нестабильность
- Неустойчивость. -см.- stability, static — статиче ская устойчивость.,-.;¦¦:`; ,
- The lack of stability
Disposition, английский
- The final decision by the court in a dispute
- Расположение; размещение
- A person’s general character or tendency to act in a particular way
- A draught representing the several timbers that compose a ship`s frame properly disposed with respect to ports and other parts. also, the arrangement of a ship`s company for watches, quarters, reefing, furling, and other duties. in a military sense it means the placing of a body of troops upon the most advantageous ground.
- The arrangement of ships or aircraft for a specific mission or purpose.
- Расположение; диспозиция
- Sale of an interest in an asset in exchange for consideration received.
Environment, английский
- Surrounding in which operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interaction.
- Окружающая среда. совокупность всех материальных тел, сил и явлений природы, ее вещество и пространство, любая деятельность человека, находящегося в непосредственном контакте с живыми организмами; совокупность абиотической, биотической и социальной сред,
- Окружающие условия [среда]; внешние факторы или воздействия; условия эксплуатации ` (лл)
- The conditions and influences under which an organism lives
- N 1 лнгв. окружение; 2 псхл. окружающая обстановка5 consonantal ~ консонантное окружение epanalepsis n эпаналепсис, удвоение6 epenthesis n 1 эпентеза, вставка звуков1; 2 добавление гласного звука для того, чтобы 3 английский как язык международного общения. 4 несовпадение стиховых и фразовых границ. 5 внешний контекст, в котором происходит наше поведение. 6 фигура речи, состоящая в повторе слова, словосочетания или пред- ложения. epenthetic 41 evaluation разбить труднопроизносимую группу (кла- стер) согласных
- Окружающая среда
- Окружающая среда; при- родно-ландшафтная среда
- The place in which an organism lives, and the circumstances under which it lives. environment includes measures like moisture and temperature, as much as it refers to the actual physical place where an organism is found.
- The combination of all the external conditions and the potential effect of the inner environment (heteromosaic of abiotic conditions). e. change: survival depends on the life span of the organisms involved, and has to adapt to a new situation via genetic change, evolution, etc. • cyclic change: rhythmically repetitive, like cycles of a season, day / night, movement of tides etc. • directional change: change is maintained over a long period in relation to the life span of organisms - erosion, siltation, cycles of glaciation, etc. • erratic change: these have no rhythm and no consistent direction e.g., hurricanes, cyclones, flash storms, fires, vulcanos, earthquake, etc.
- Окружающая среда. существующая в данный момент совокупность всех внешних условий и воздействий, которым подвержена данная система (или организм) (мос, 14). `36
- (1) the system of surrounding things, conditions or influences, especially affecting the existence or development of someone, something or another system (->habitat), (2) the art of environing, (3) the state of being environed.
- A global context in which to access data.
- A set of roles that are required to run a specific application and the machines to be used for each role.
- One of two deployment destinations within a microsoft azure cloud service: staging or production.
- The totality of surrounding conditions and circumstances affecting growth or development. often the term is applied to the natural features of a geographic area: water, air, and land — including ecological relationships.
- The sum of the physical, chemical, and biological factors that surround an organism.
Adaptation, английский
- Адаптация; самонастройка; самоприспосабливание
- Адаптация (приспособление организма к изменившимся условиям среды, питательным и токсичным веществам)
- 1. a change which has been or can be made to something 2. the act of changing something so that it fits a new situation 3. the process by which sensory receptors become accustomed to a sensation which is repeated add add abbr attention deficit disorder
- Адаптация
- N адаптация14 (тж. adaption, см. тж. adoption) theory
- Адаптация; приспособление
- 1) characteristics of organisms evolved as a consequence of natural selection; 2) changes in the form or behavior of an organism during life as a response to environmental stimuli; 3) changes in the excitability of a sense organ as a result of continuos stimulation.
- Stability of success in the face of a changing environment. two kinds of adaptation are distinguished. (a) darwinian adaptation after darwin who observed how organisms change their internal structure when their environment makes existing forms no longer viable. e.g., ashby`s homeostat searches for a new pattern of behavior as soon as disturbances in its surroundings drive or threaten to drive its essential variables outside specified limits. (b) singerian adaptation after singer who described how organisms, particularly man, change the nature of their environment so as to eliminate threats to or prevent the destruction of their own internal organization. e.g., agriculture, architecture and technology adapt the physical environment to human-social needs. the difference between "adaptive" and "adapting" behavior (steg) also reflects this distinction. adaptation can occur in several levels of an organiz~tional hierarchy and may even apply to itself as in "amplifying adaptation" (ashby) which is "adaptation to adapt" and has the properties of self-organization.
- Initiatives and measures to reduce the vulnerability or increase the resilience of natural and human systems to actual or expected climate change impacts. various types of adaptation exist, for example, anticipatory and reactive, private and public, and autonomous and planned. examples are raising river or coastal dikes, retreating from coastal areas subject to fl ooding from sea level rise or introducing alternative temperature-appropriate or drought-adapted crops for conventional ones.
Organization, английский
- Организация
- N организация lexical ~ лексическая организация orientational a ориентационный metaphor
- Европейская организация производства товарного бетона
- Организация ~ of safety обеспечение безопасности (на производстве); меры по технике безопасности ~ of work организация работ
- Has at least three meanings (1) the act of arranging components to form a pattern different from what would occur by chance, by some criterion or better than it was before (->coordination) e.g., conducting a political campaign; (2) a complex complementary conditionality in behavior or in the coexistence of physical or living components (ashby) as in an ecological system or in such social organizations as a family, a university or a government agency being constituted by its members through conventional rules of conduct, legally recognized and interacted with by observers or by other social organizations; (3) the relations, and processes of communication, including coordination and coorientation among the components or variables of a system that (a) determine the dynamics of interaction and transformations it may undergo in a physical space and (b) constitute (->constitution) its unity whether only for an observer (->allopoiesis) or also for itself (->autopoiesis). in this third and largely cybernetic meaning, the properties of the components that realize a system as a concrete physical entity do not enter the description of that system`s organization. it follows that machines, organisms and social forms of vastly different materiality and components may have the same organization. accordingly, a whole system 56 may be explained in terms of the properties of its components and its organization (->analysis). the use to which a particular system may be put or who created it in the first place is not a feature of its organization. a theory of design (including engineering), management and of (concrete) organizational behavior is concerned with (1). a theory of organizations concerns (2) and attempts to provide generalizations about how cells, or organisms interact or how and why people work together and form larger unities (->general systems theory). cybernetics is concerned and has in fact been considered coextensive with an organization theory which concerns (3) and attempts to provide theories of or a logic for how unities and whole systems can arise or be maintained through the forms of communication (and more complex kinds of interactions and interdependencies) among components without reference to their materiality. the theory of modelling is a direct outgrowth of this organization concept. like cybernetics generally, an organization theory is not disturbed by the possibility that some organizations may not be realized by man or by nature but it will be informed by the finding that they cannot exist (ashby).
- A work structure that divides the responsibility for economic resources and processes.
- The top level of a business hierarchy.
Formulation, английский
- Формулировка
- Состав, композиция; рецептура
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Programmed instruction, английский
A technique for presenting a subject matter to a student who can work through it at his own learning speed. it consists of a network of statements and tests, which direct the student to new statements depending on his pattern of errors.
Qaia, английский
Plural of ->datum
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