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Hqmeostat
| Глоссарий по кибернетике |
A machine built in the 1940`s by w.ross ashby to demonstrate the behavior of an ultrastable system (->ultrastability). it responds to deviations from certain essential values of a continuous variable caused by an experimenter in the environment of the machine with stepwise structural changes, and it comes to rest only when a behavior has been found that keeps the values of that critical variable within desirable limits (->morphogenesis). the essential values maybe interpreted as a homeostatic state, goal or ideal and the structural changes are adaptive relative to these values (->homeostasis, ->adaptation).
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Demonstrate, английский
Ultrastability, английский
The ability of a system to change its internal organization or structure in response to environmental conditions that threaten to disturb a desired behavior or value of an essential variable. the changes such systems are capable of are qualitative in the sense of changing the mode of interaction with an environment in steps or jumps, not along a continuum, and they are purposeful because such systems seek a behavior that is disturbance defying. ultrastability is stability of a logical level higher than the stability to which a system converges without change of its internal organization or structure. ashby`s homeostat was the first mechanical demonstration of this form of stability heretofore reserved to living organisms (->morphogenesis).
Continuous, английский
- Непрерывный
- Непрерывный; длительный; продолжающийся
- A продолженный, дли- тельный, непрерванный form, future, past, present contoid n контоид
- Непрерывный, неразрывный, сплошной, неразрезной (об элементах конструкции)
Environment, английский
- Surrounding in which operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interaction.
- Окружающая среда. совокупность всех материальных тел, сил и явлений природы, ее вещество и пространство, любая деятельность человека, находящегося в непосредственном контакте с живыми организмами; совокупность абиотической, биотической и социальной сред,
- Окружающие условия [среда]; внешние факторы или воздействия; условия эксплуатации ` (лл)
- The conditions and influences under which an organism lives
- N 1 лнгв. окружение; 2 псхл. окружающая обстановка5 consonantal ~ консонантное окружение epanalepsis n эпаналепсис, удвоение6 epenthesis n 1 эпентеза, вставка звуков1; 2 добавление гласного звука для того, чтобы 3 английский как язык международного общения. 4 несовпадение стиховых и фразовых границ. 5 внешний контекст, в котором происходит наше поведение. 6 фигура речи, состоящая в повторе слова, словосочетания или пред- ложения. epenthetic 41 evaluation разбить труднопроизносимую группу (кла- стер) согласных
- Окружающая среда
- Окружающая среда; при- родно-ландшафтная среда
- The place in which an organism lives, and the circumstances under which it lives. environment includes measures like moisture and temperature, as much as it refers to the actual physical place where an organism is found.
- The combination of all the external conditions and the potential effect of the inner environment (heteromosaic of abiotic conditions). e. change: survival depends on the life span of the organisms involved, and has to adapt to a new situation via genetic change, evolution, etc. • cyclic change: rhythmically repetitive, like cycles of a season, day / night, movement of tides etc. • directional change: change is maintained over a long period in relation to the life span of organisms - erosion, siltation, cycles of glaciation, etc. • erratic change: these have no rhythm and no consistent direction e.g., hurricanes, cyclones, flash storms, fires, vulcanos, earthquake, etc.
- Окружающая среда. существующая в данный момент совокупность всех внешних условий и воздействий, которым подвержена данная система (или организм) (мос, 14). `36
- (1) the system of surrounding things, conditions or influences, especially affecting the existence or development of someone, something or another system (->habitat), (2) the art of environing, (3) the state of being environed.
- A global context in which to access data.
- A set of roles that are required to run a specific application and the machines to be used for each role.
- One of two deployment destinations within a microsoft azure cloud service: staging or production.
- The totality of surrounding conditions and circumstances affecting growth or development. often the term is applied to the natural features of a geographic area: water, air, and land — including ecological relationships.
- The sum of the physical, chemical, and biological factors that surround an organism.
Structural, английский
- Структурный; конструктивный
- Said of a load-bearing member, element, etc., of a building.
- A структурный analysis, class, description, linguistics, metaphor, order, phonologist, phonology, series, signal, system
Morphogenesis, английский
A process of creating new organizational forms. in response to changing environmental conditions morphogenesis may be adaptive (->adaptation). as a consequence of positive feedback among physical variables, morphognesis may be destructive like the crack in a rock that lets water in, then roots, and ultimately breaks the rock into pieces. morphogenesis may be radical by the realization of inventions of entirely new ideas about institutions or technologies, or it may be gradual by elaborating (refining and adding on to) existing structures (->growth, ->development, ->organization, ->morphostasis).
Interpreted, английский
Интерпретируемый
Homeostasis, английский
- The process by which the functions and chemistry of a cell or internal organ are kept stable, even when external conditions vary greatly
- A process of interaction or mechanism which balances various influences and effects such that a stable state or a stable behavior is maintained. often that stable state or that stable behavior is essential to assume structural stability (->morphostasis) of a system. e.g., the size of the pupil of the human eye is negatively correlated with the intensity of light entering the retina thus keeping the amount of light within the limits of optimal processing of visual information. too much light will destroy the light sensitive cones of the retina. the blood sugar content and many other chemical quantities are similarly balanced within the human body (see cannon`s wisdom q( ~ ~). stable homestatic states or behaviors need not have this purposive interpretation, however. the "balance of power" idea in international politics denotes a homeostatic mechanism whose outcome presumably neither country desires by itself. in families, homeostasis may become pathological (->pathology) when family members no longer prefer that state yet cannot escape it as a consequene of the way they interact with one another (e.g., double bind). during family therapy, a non-pathological homeostasis maybe aquired after therapist induced morphogenesis or through self-organization. homestasis concerns states or behaviors whereas morphogenesis concerns structure and organization.
- The physiological capacity of an organism to regulate itself by rapidly restoring internal conditions following a sudden perturbation in the external environment.
Adaptation, английский
- Адаптация; самонастройка; самоприспосабливание
- Адаптация (приспособление организма к изменившимся условиям среды, питательным и токсичным веществам)
- 1. a change which has been or can be made to something 2. the act of changing something so that it fits a new situation 3. the process by which sensory receptors become accustomed to a sensation which is repeated add add abbr attention deficit disorder
- Адаптация
- N адаптация14 (тж. adaption, см. тж. adoption) theory
- Адаптация; приспособление
- 1) characteristics of organisms evolved as a consequence of natural selection; 2) changes in the form or behavior of an organism during life as a response to environmental stimuli; 3) changes in the excitability of a sense organ as a result of continuos stimulation.
- Stability of success in the face of a changing environment. two kinds of adaptation are distinguished. (a) darwinian adaptation after darwin who observed how organisms change their internal structure when their environment makes existing forms no longer viable. e.g., ashby`s homeostat searches for a new pattern of behavior as soon as disturbances in its surroundings drive or threaten to drive its essential variables outside specified limits. (b) singerian adaptation after singer who described how organisms, particularly man, change the nature of their environment so as to eliminate threats to or prevent the destruction of their own internal organization. e.g., agriculture, architecture and technology adapt the physical environment to human-social needs. the difference between "adaptive" and "adapting" behavior (steg) also reflects this distinction. adaptation can occur in several levels of an organiz~tional hierarchy and may even apply to itself as in "amplifying adaptation" (ashby) which is "adaptation to adapt" and has the properties of self-organization.
- Initiatives and measures to reduce the vulnerability or increase the resilience of natural and human systems to actual or expected climate change impacts. various types of adaptation exist, for example, anticipatory and reactive, private and public, and autonomous and planned. examples are raising river or coastal dikes, retreating from coastal areas subject to fl ooding from sea level rise or introducing alternative temperature-appropriate or drought-adapted crops for conventional ones.
Experiment, английский
- What distinguishes an experiment from an observational study is that in an experiment, the experimenter decides who receives the treatment.
- Эксперимент
- A scientific test conducted under set conditions the scientists did some experiments to try the new drug on a small sample of people.
- N экспе- римент (см. тж. test) associative ~ псхлнгв. ассоциативный экспе- римент psycholinguistic ~ психолингвистический экс- перимент
- Эксперимент; опыт, опытное исследование
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Hoosphere, английский
A term modelled after "atmosphere" and "biosphere" signifying (a) the space occupied by the totality of information and human knowledge collectively available to man and (b) the processes operating in this space, e.g., combinatorial mating, classification, reproduction, simplification, selective decay.
Hyperspace, английский
A space within more than three dimensions. any geometrical construction whose cells or points are characterized by more than three values (->cartesian product). although hyperspaces can be depicted, just as a three-dimensional cube can be projected on a two-dimensional surface so can four-, five-, ••• n-dimensional cubes be represented, but it is difficult for the human mind to imagine operating in such spaces. this poses many practical problems of visualizing multi-variate data especially in the social sciences.
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