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Hhqle
| Глоссарий по кибернетике |
Without recognition of its parts a whole is an essentially structureless and unanalysable unity. if its parts are independent or randomly sampled by an observer, a whole has no outstanding quality rerother than that of being an observer`s aggregate (->aggregation). if a whole is qualitatively different from a mere aggregate of its parts, the difference lies in its structure or organization. thus any whole may be understood as, described in terms of, and considered equal to a structure or an organization of component parts (->gestalt, ->holism, ->system). in some cases the properties of its parts may be ignored without appreciable loss of understanding a whole, particularly when parts are numerous, simple and the same as in the objects of computer sciences, ,macro-economics, and quantum physics all of which heavily rely on mathematics for their constructions. when the parts are few, complex, different, and tenuously related, as in a marriage, the properties of the parts figure more prominentally in the undertanding of a whole and can not be ignored in favor of such wholes` organization. zipf`s 1ah
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Recognition, английский
- Опознавание
- N восприятие, распо- знавание system, technology, test, vocabulary character ~ распознавание текстов optical ~ ~ оптическое распознавание тек- стов consonant ~ распознавание согласных 10 требует ответа «да» или «нет»; англ: «have you seen james» 11 влияние, оказываемое одним элементом на значение другого, свя- занного с ним. 12 произносимые собеседником слова распознаются по движениям губ. reconstruction 77 repetition speech ~ восприятие, распознавание речи (см. тж. speech to text conversion) word ~ псхлнгв. опознавание (распознава- ние) слова
- Literally, knowing again. here, (a) an equivocation of signals or messags sent at different times, (b) an equivalence relation established by an observer betwe"en a current observation and a class of previous observations, (c) the representation of a current state, condition or property by terms previously used for representing similar states, conditions or properties. pattern recognition involves the application of decision procedures to determine whether two patterns are the same, different or of what kind each is. from an observer`s perspective (b) is accomplished by the use of identical terms or names for categories as in (c). the definitions differ merely in emphasis on the consequence or the process of perception respectively.
- The interpretation of strokes or gestures as characters or operations.
- Оприходование
Essentially, английский
- По существу; главным образом см. substantially
- No существу; главным образом
Structureless, английский
Independent, английский
- One who logs and sells his output on the open market; not associated with a mill or under company or dealer contract (19).
- Независимый; автономный
- Независимый, автономный
- Независимый, самостоятельный; рантье (лицо, живущее на доходы от капитала)
- Независимый
- A независимый
- A merchant ship under naval control, but sailing alone and unescorted by any warship.
Outstanding, английский
- Неуплаченный. просроченный. невыполненный.
- Невыполненный
- Used in the context of general equities. stock held by shareholders (verses the company`s treasury stock).
- Непогашенный
- An unpaid debt
- An unpaid debt money that a person or organization has borrowed but not yet paid back
Aggregation, английский
- Агрегация (простое сочетание известных признаков изобретения, не дающее нового положительного эффекта)
- Объединение; соединение; собирание; агрегирование; агрегация
- Term used to denote the adding together of the taxpayer`s income from all sources in order to determine the applicable tax rate for income tax purposes.
- A process by which the properties of a collection are described in terms of the sums of the properties of the units contained in that collection. the most elementary aggregative procedure is counting and a frequency so obtained represents the properties of a set by number rather than by the list of elements it contains. aggregation gives rise to macro theories of micro processes and yields measures and insights not demonstrable by means of the units aggregated thereby. e.g., the statement "the average family has 2.5 children" describes the property of an aggregate, not of a real family. the correlation coefficient is also a measure that aggregates numerous observations neither is capable of demonstrating that relation by itself. quantum physics, economics and the social sciences are most successful in describing their objects as aggregates. aggregation is justifiable whenever units are sufficiently independent and similar, e.g., in expressing political opinions through voting or market preferences through individual purchases. aggregation leads to misleading indicators and theories whenever the whole collection exhibits an organization not expressed in a mere summation (->system, ->externalities). in econometrics, that difference is represented in so-called interaction effects.
- A collection of objects that makes a whole. an aggregation can be a concrete or conceptual set of whole-part relationships among objects.
- A collection of shared objects.
- A table or structure containing pre-calculated data for an online analytical processing (olap) cube. aggregations support the rapid and efficient querying of a multidimensional database.
- Process in corporate financial planning whereby the smaller investment proposals of each of the firm`s operational units are aggregated and effectively treated as a whole.
- A collection of individual units or particles gathered together into a mass or body.
Difference, английский
- Disagreement, inequity, contrast, dissimilarity, incompatibility
- Разница; разность
- An important army term, meaning firstly the sum to be paid by officers when exchanging from the half to full pay; and, secondly, the price or difference in value of the several commissions.
Organization, английский
- Организация
- N организация lexical ~ лексическая организация orientational a ориентационный metaphor
- Европейская организация производства товарного бетона
- Организация ~ of safety обеспечение безопасности (на производстве); меры по технике безопасности ~ of work организация работ
- Has at least three meanings (1) the act of arranging components to form a pattern different from what would occur by chance, by some criterion or better than it was before (->coordination) e.g., conducting a political campaign; (2) a complex complementary conditionality in behavior or in the coexistence of physical or living components (ashby) as in an ecological system or in such social organizations as a family, a university or a government agency being constituted by its members through conventional rules of conduct, legally recognized and interacted with by observers or by other social organizations; (3) the relations, and processes of communication, including coordination and coorientation among the components or variables of a system that (a) determine the dynamics of interaction and transformations it may undergo in a physical space and (b) constitute (->constitution) its unity whether only for an observer (->allopoiesis) or also for itself (->autopoiesis). in this third and largely cybernetic meaning, the properties of the components that realize a system as a concrete physical entity do not enter the description of that system`s organization. it follows that machines, organisms and social forms of vastly different materiality and components may have the same organization. accordingly, a whole system 56 may be explained in terms of the properties of its components and its organization (->analysis). the use to which a particular system may be put or who created it in the first place is not a feature of its organization. a theory of design (including engineering), management and of (concrete) organizational behavior is concerned with (1). a theory of organizations concerns (2) and attempts to provide generalizations about how cells, or organisms interact or how and why people work together and form larger unities (->general systems theory). cybernetics is concerned and has in fact been considered coextensive with an organization theory which concerns (3) and attempts to provide theories of or a logic for how unities and whole systems can arise or be maintained through the forms of communication (and more complex kinds of interactions and interdependencies) among components without reference to their materiality. the theory of modelling is a direct outgrowth of this organization concept. like cybernetics generally, an organization theory is not disturbed by the possibility that some organizations may not be realized by man or by nature but it will be informed by the finding that they cannot exist (ashby).
- A work structure that divides the responsibility for economic resources and processes.
- The top level of a business hierarchy.
Understood, английский
Properties, английский
- A dockable window that displays the properties that are set on the selected object. in most cases, the property values can be edited in the window.
- A ui element that users can click to display information about a selected object.
Appreciable, английский
Understanding, английский
- Интерпретация
- N когн. понимание (син. comprehension) ungrammatical a неправильно построенное (предложение ) (син. ill formed)
Particularly, английский
Mathematics, английский
- The science which treats of every kind of quantity that can be numbered or measured.
- Математика
- Originally, the science of number and quantity. but with the birth pf numerous more qualitative formalisms, (e.g., logic, propositional calculi, set theory), with the emergence of the unifying idea of a mathematical structure, with the advent of the axiomatic method emphasising inference, proof and the descriptions of complex systems in terms of simple axioms, and, finally, with self-reflective efforts such as meta-mathematics, mathematics has become the autonomous (->autonomy) science of formal constructions. emphasising its formal character and its applicability to all conceivable worlds, mathematics has been likened to a language whose semantics is supplied by other sciences or by particular applications. although all constructions are inventions of the human mind, cannot be found in nature and have no necessary connection with the world outside mathematics, they nevertheless arise in conjunction with solving certain kinds of problems:(1) real world problems, (e.g., geometry evolved in efforts of measuring the earth, game theory grew out of concerns for social conflict resolution, statistics from the need to test hypotheses on large numbers of observations, recursive function theory from the desire for efficient algorithms,) (2) intellectual curiosity and playfulness, (e.g., markov chain theory stems from interest in poetry, probability theory from games of chance, the four-color problem, symmetry and much of topology (see the mobiusband) from`interest in artistic expression), and (3) interest in the powers and limitations of ma thema tics and the mind, (e. g., goedel` s incompleteness theorem from the inherent undecidability or incompleteness of systems, the theory of logical types from disturbing paradoxes, the differential and integral calculi from efforts to transcend the smallest distinctions practically possible). ,however, it is a characteristic of mathematics that the problems giving rise to its constructions are soon forgotten and the constructions develop a life of their own, checked only by such validity criteria as internal consistency, decidability and completeness. empirical data from an existing world do not threaten the products of mathematics. 48 matrix; a many-dimensional arrangement of numbers suitable to various transformations which form the basis of matrix algebra. a one-dimensional matrix is called a scalar. most frequent are two-dimensional, n-by-m, matrices which might contain the coefficients (->parameter) of a set of linear equations or specify a mapping from an n-dimensional to a m-dimensional vector space (->hyperspace).
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Goepel theorem, английский
->incompletenes theorem
History determined, английский
Attribute of systems whose behavior is specified or can be understood better by looking into its past history. in contrast to state determined systems, predictability of the future states of such systems improves when relying not only on their current state but on a finite sequence of states preceeding them. e.g., higher-than-flrst-order markov chains (->memory). it can be argued that all history determined systems are incompletely observed state determined systems and that the recourse into history has heuristic value.
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