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Generatiye
| Глоссарий по кибернетике |
Attribute of a system capable of listing the descriptions of each of a certain set of alternatives. in linguistics, a generative grammar embodies a finite number of transformation rules for constructing a potentially infinite number of sentences of a language and lists potentially all and only the grammatical sentences of that language. in cybernetics, a generative model generates (exhibits or enumerates) hypothetical data that either match or approximate within acceptable limits those in fact observed on the system modelled. the use of such generative devices is constructivism`s alternative to testing verbal hypotheses and theories with available data.
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Linguistics, английский
- N лингвистика; языко- знание (син. philology; тж. linguistic science); ethno~ этнолингвистика; inter~ интерлин- гвистика; macro~ макролингвистика; meta~ металингвистика; micro~ микролингвистика; neuro~ нейролингвистика; pre~ долингви- стика anthropological ~ антропологическая лингвис- тика1 (ср. linguistic anthropology; син. ethno~) applied ~ прикладная лингвистика2 areal ~ ареальная лингвистика cartesian ~ картезианская лингвистика cognitive ~ когнитивная лингвистика comparative ~ сравнительное языкознание, сравнительно-историческое языкознание (тж. comparative historical ~, comparativehistorical ~, historical comparative ~, historical- comparative ~) computational ~ компьютерная лингвистика; тж. вычислительная лингвистика contrastive ~ сопоставительная лингвистика; контрастивная лингвистика, конфронтатив- ная лингвистика corpus ~ а) основы лингвистики; б) корпус- ная лингвистика descriptive ~ дескриптивная, описательная лингвистика; лингвистика как описывающая наука (ант. prescriptive ~) diachronic ~ диахронное, диахроническое языкознание (ант. synchronic ~) field ~ полевая лингвистика 1 термин используется для обозначений исследований, посвященных преимущественно когнитивной проблематике – каким образом, с по- мощью каких средств и в какой форме в языке находят отражение культурные (бытовые, религиозные, социальные и пр.) представления народа, говорящего на этом языке, об окружающем мире и о месте человека в этом мире. 2 в англ. используется прежде всего для обозначения теории и практи- ки преподавания иностранных языков, включая методику, особенности описания грамматики для учебных целей и т.п. folk ~ «стихийная» лингвистика forensic ~ судебная лингвистика general ~ общее языкознание generative ~ порождающая, генеративная лингвистика god’s truth ~ лингвистика «божественной истины» historical ~ историческое языкознание (см. тж. comparative ~) history of a ~ история языкознания hocus-pocus ~ лингвистика фокусничества mathematical ~ математическая лингвистика prescriptive ~ прескриптивная, предписы- вающая лингвистика; лингвистика как пред- писывающая наука (ант. descriptive ~) structural ~ структурная лингвистика, струк- турное языкознание synchronic ~ синхронное, синхроническое языкознание (ант. diachronic ~) text ~ лингвистика текста theoretical ~ теоретическое языкознание
- Лингвистика
Generative, английский
A порождающий, гене- ративный capacity, grammar, linguistics, phonologist, phonology, semantics generativism n генеративизм generativist n генеративист
Transformation, немецкий
Grammatical, английский
- Metaphor
- A 1 грамматический; lexical-~ лексико-грамматический; 2 грамматически правильный alternation, ambiguity, analogy, category, correctness, error, feature, form, formative, gender, meaning, relation, relevance, sentence, tagger, tagging, transformation grammaticality n грамматичность2 (см. тж. acceptability) grammaticalness n грамматичность
- Грамматический; грамматически правильный
Cybernetics, английский
- Кибернетика
- N кибернетика cycle n цикл transformational ~ трансформационный цикл cyclop(a)edia
- A term, coined by norman weiner, used to signify the study of control mechanisms in machines and biological organisms. it is derived from the greek word for steersman. its latin equivalent gave rise to such terms as governor and government.
- The term derives from the greek word for steersman. initially, the science of control and communication in the animal and the machine (wiener). before this modern definition, the science of government (ampere). now an interdisciplinary approach to organization, irrespective of a system`s material realization. whereas general systems theory is committed to holism on the one side and to an effort to generalize structural, behavioral and developmental features of living organisms on the other side, cybernetics is committed to an epistemological perspective that views material wholes as analysable without loss, in terms of a set of components plus their organization (->epistemolgy, ->analysis, ->system). organization accounts for how the components of such a system interact with one another, and how this interaction determines and changes its structure. it explains the difference between parts and wholes and is described without reference to their material forms. the disinterest of cybernetics in material implications separates it from all sciences that designate their empirical domain by subject matters such ~s physics, biology, sociology, engineering and general systems theory. its epistemological focus on organization, pattern and communication has generated methodologies, (->methodology) a logic, laws, theories and insights that are unique to cybernetics and have wideranging implications in other fields of inquiry. in cybernetics, theories tend to rest on four basic pillars
Hypothetical, английский
A гипотетический, предположительный; риторический question i
Approximate, английский
- Приблизительный ар-ps ammonium perchlorate-poly- styrene (propellant) полистирол- перхлоратаммониевое ракетное топливо
- Приблизительный
- Приблизительно
Acceptable, английский
Constructivism, английский
- In mathematics, the rejection of the proof of propositions and objects by reductio ~ absurdum (i.e., by the demonstration that its negation would lead to contradictions) and instead the acceptance of the condition that objects be constructable from known elements by a finite number of explicit procedures, e.g., by an algorithm. one consequence of this is the denial of the universal validity of the law of the excluded middle and the position of a third truth-value for classes of objects that are not so constructable
- Act always so as tq increase the number of choices (v.foerster). 29
Alternative, английский
- A альтернативный class, question alternativity n альтернативность
- Вариант (напр, проекта), вариантное решение || вариантный о as an ~ в качестве варианта [вариантного решения]
- One of the music genres that appears under genre classification in windows media player library. based on id3 standard tagging format for mp3 audio files. id3v1 genre id # 20.
Alternativ, шведский
Linguistic, английский
A 1 языковой; 2 лингвис- тический, языковедческий; extra~ экстралин- гвистический; para~ паралингвистический; pre-~ долингвистический; sub-~ сублингви- стический anthropology, association, atlas, behaviour, borrowing, circle, competence, consciousness, criticism, data, economy, geography, knowledge, performance, personality, psychology, ratio, relativity, science, sign, statistics, stylistics, substitution, theory, tradition
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General systems theory, английский
A scientific effort to identify structural, behavioral and developmental features common to particular classes of living organisms. one "approach is to look over the empirical universe and pick out certain general phenomena which are found in many different diciplines, and to seek to build up general theoretical models relevant to these phenomena," e.g., growth, homeostasis, evolution. the other "approach is to arrange the empirical fields in a hierarchy of complexity of organization of their basic `individual` or unit of behavior, and to try to develop a level of abstraction appropriate to each" (boulding). examples are the generalizations the levels of cells, simple organs, open self-maintaining organisms, small groups of organisms, society and the universe. the latter approach implies a hierarchical "systems of systems" view of the world quite alien to that of cybernetics. because of its roots in biology whose forms tend to have long evolutionary histories and are somewhat more stable organizationally, structurally integrated, and centrally controlled by dna, among many other properties, general systems theory like the structural-functional school of sociology, has been recognized as favouring to favor the status quo when applied to social phenomena which are largely the product of structural changes, technical innovations and information growth (->morphostasis, ->morphogenesis). 33
Genesis qe structure, английский
->law of genesis of structure
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