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Smoke chamber test
| Глоссарий по текстилю и текстильной промышленности |
- Flammability tests
- This method assesses the smoke generating characteristics of a sample due to pyrolysis and combustion by measuring the attenuation of a light beam by smoke accumulating in a closed chamber under controlled conditions. results are expressed in terms of specific optical density.
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Flammability tests, английский
- Procedures have been developed to assess the flame resistance of fabrics. three common tests follow: · diagonal flame test – in this test for flame resistance, a specimen is mounted at a 45° angle and exposed to an open flame for a specific time. the test measures the ease of ignition and the rate of burning. · horizontal flame test – a test for flame resistance in which a specimen is mounted in a horizontal holder and exposed to an open flame for a specific time to measure the burning rate and char-hole diameter. · vertical flame test – a test for flame resistance in which a specimen is mounted in a vertical holder and exposed to an open flame for a specific time. the open flame is then extinguished and continued flaming time and char-length of the sample are measured.
- Many procedures have been developed for assessing the flame resistance of textiles. the most common currently in use are detailed below: diagonal (45°) flame test: in this test for flame resistance, a specimen is mounted at a 45° angle and exposed to an open flame for a specific time. this test measures the ease of ignition and rate of burning of the samples.
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Flammability, английский
- A material’s ability to burn or support combustion.
- Возгораемость, воспламеняемость
- Measurement of a fabric’s performance when exposed to specific sources of ignition.
- Измерение характеристик ткани при воздействии определенных источников воспламенения.
- Воспламеняемость мате-
- Tendency to combust, considered to be characteristic of liquids having flash point below 60 °c (140 °f) and a vapor pressure not exceeding 275 kpa (40 lbf/in.2) at 37.8 °c (100 °f). glossary f-h 743
- Tendency to combust, considered to be characteristic of liquids having flash point below 60 °c (140 °f) and a vapor pressure not exceeding 275 kpa (40 lbf /in.2) at 37.8 °c (100 °f).
Generating, английский
A rapid roughing process to quickly remove material from a lens. accomplished by cutting tools on a machine. generator, free-form – a type of computercontrolled generator with at least three axes of movement that can cut most continuous lens surface shapes to a level of precision and smoothness that requires only minimal polishing with a free-form polisher. generator, traditional – a type of generator with either two or three axes of movement that can cut only basic spherical and sphero-cylindrical lens surface shapes to a minimal level of smoothness that requires additional fining with a cylinder machine.
Characteristics, английский
- The distinguishing qualities of a navigation aid or buoy, including shape and color, whether fixed or flashing, and flashing sequence.
- A high-performance fiber with high chemical resistance that does not burn in air. it has no melting point and does not drip when exposed to flame. the fiber and fabrics from pbi retain their flexibility, dimensional stability, and significant strength without embrittlement even when exposed to flame or extreme heat. the fiber emits little smoke in extreme conditions. it processes well on conventional textile equipment, having processing characteristics similar to polyester. it can be used in 100% form or blended with other fibers. it has a high moisture regain and low modulus with comfort properties similar to cotton. the natural color of pbi is a gold-khaki shade, but it can be dyed to almost any medium to dark shade with conventional basic dyes.
- Acetate fabrics are in appearance fast-drying, wrinkle and shrinkage resistant, crisp or soft in hand depending upon the end use.
- Although modacrylics are similar to acrylics in properties and application, certain important differences exist. modacrylics have superior resistance to chemicals and combustion, but they are more heat sensitive (lower safe ironing temperature) and have a higher specific gravity (less cover).
- Although the properties of the nylons described above vary in some respects, they all exhibit excellent strength, flexibility, toughness, elasticity, abrasion resistance, washability, ease of drying, and resistance to attack by insects and microorganisms.
- Because acrylic fibers are thermoplastic, fabrics may be heat-set for wrinkle resistance and to provide permanency to pleats. acrylic fabrics have low moisture absorbency and dry relatively quickly. in general, acrylic fibers are resistant to the degrading effects of ultraviolet rays in sunlight and to a wide range of chemicals and fumes. they provide warmth in fabrics that are lightweight, soft, and resilient. acrylic fibers have relatively poor flame resistance compared with other fibers. some acrylic fabrics, particularly knit types, approximate the hand of fine wool. because of the composition and cross section of the fiber, fabrics made therefrom have a high bulk to weight ratio. this is further enhanced with the so-called “high bulk” spun yarns.
- Glass fiber is incombustible and will tolerate heat up to 1000°f without material damage. potential strength is not realized in woven fabrics or even in yarns, because the fiber is brittle and fracture points may develop, but nevertheless, very high tensile strength is obtained in woven fabrics, and is retained at elevated temperatures. the fiber originally was difficult to color but methods have been developed to accomplish this. moisture absorption is low. electrical and insulation resistance is high.
- Polychlal fibers have a soft, lamb’s wool-like hand and moderate moisture regain. the fibers are also characterized by high flame resistance and high abrasion resistance.
- Polyester fibers have high strength and are resistant to shrinking and stretching. fabrics are quick drying and tend to have wrinkle resistance and crease retention, wet and dry. polyester is used alone and in blends. it has been one of the first fibers to be developed in fabrics with durable-press features.
- Polyethylene fibers have a low specific gravity, extremely low moisture regain, the same tensile strength wet and dry, and are resistant to attack by mildew and insects. these qualities have made polyethylene fiber suitable for industrial applications, geotextiles, outdoor furniture, and similar applications. polyethylene fiber does not dye, and in most cases, it is colored by the addition of pigments and dyes to the material prior to spinning. it has a low melting point, a property that has restricted its use in apparel.
- Polypropylene fibers have a number of advantages over polyethylene fibers in the field of textile applications. the degree of crystallinity, 72 to 75%, results in a fiber that is strong and resilient, and does not fibrillate like high-density polyethylene. polypropylene has a high work of rupture, which indicates a tough fiber, and may be made with tenacities as high as 8.0 to 8.5 grams per denier. the melting point of polypropylene is 165°c, which is low by comparison with nylon or polyester, but is high enough to make it suitable for most textile applications. so light that it actually floats, polypropylene fiber provides greater coverage per pound than any other fiber. it is highly resistant to mechanical abuse and chemical attack.
- Rayon yarns are made in a wide range of types in regard to size, physical characteristics, strength, elongation, luster, handle, suppleness, etc. they may be white or solution dyed. strength is regulated by the process itself and the structure of the yarn. (also see polynosic fiber.) luster is reduced by including delustering materials, such as titanium dioxide pigments, in the fiber when it is extruded. the suppleness of the yarn is controlled by the number of filaments in the yarn, the denier or gauge of the individual filaments or fibers, and the fiber cross-section.
- Spandex is lighter in weight, more durable, and more supple than conventional elastic threads and has between two and three times their restraining power. spandex is extruded in a multiplicity of fine filaments which immediately form a monofilament. it can be repeatedly stretched over 500% without breaking and still recover instantly to its original length. it does not suffer deterioration from oxidation as is the case with fine sizes of rubber thread, and it is not damaged by body oils, perspiration, lotions, or detergents.
Combustion, английский
- Сгорание; горение
- Горение, сожжение
- Any chemical process that produces light and heat as either glow or flames.
- Burning, &c. (see spontaneous combustion.)
- Сгорание, сжигание, горение, возгорание
- Сгорание. химическая реакция, при: которой вещество соединяется с кислородом с выделением тепла: «горение». сгорание топлива, содержащего углерод и водород, считается полным, если цроисходит полное окисление этих двух элементов до углекислого газа и воды. неполное сгорание может привести к тому, что: 1) в золе остается значительное количество углерода; 2) часть углерода выделяется в виде окиси углерода; и 3) молекулы топлива реагируют с образованием ряда продуктов более сложного состава по сравнению с исходными молекулами топлива, и если эти продукты не сгорают, они выделяются в виде дыма. сгорание летучих продуктов может протекать более полно, если сверху на слой топлива подается так называемый вторичный воздух (воздух, пропускаемый через слой топлива, называется «первичным»). воздух сверх количества, теоретически необходимого для полного сгорания (избыточный воздух), следует подавать с минимальным избытком, чтобы` избежать неоправданных потерь тепла с дымовыми газами, слабой теплопередачи и окисления двуокиси серы в трехокись. перенасыщенное сгорание происходит в системе, где топливо подается сверху на раскаленный слой топлива. такая система характеризуется тенденцией к образованию дыма. тороидальное (кольцевое) сгорание происходит в системе, где в печи поддерживается вихревой поток; это увеличивает время пребывания топлива в печи и настолько улучшает горение, что дополнительной подачи воздуха, требуется мало или не требуется совсем. 40
- A combustion reaction involves a substance combining with an oxidizer, releasing a large amount of heat (exothermic) and produces a flame. the heat produced can make combustion self-sustaining. an oxidizer is a compound that takes electrons in a reaction and can promote or initiate combustion. oxygen and chlorine are examples of oxidizers. when oxygen is available in sufficient amounts, complete combustion occurs. if a hydrocarbon undergoes complete combustion, carbon dioxide and water vapor are produced. combustion reactions can be oxygen starved or can involve excess oxygen. in an oxygen starved combustion reaction, a combustion reaction has a limited oxygen supply and incomplete combustion occurs. in an environment of combustion in excess air, the amount of oxygen supplied to the combustion reaction is more than is needed for complete combustion and can lead to a hotter, faster burning fire.
- A chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light in the form of either a glow or flame.
- The chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light in the form of either a glow or flame.
Attenuation, английский
- The decrease in magnitude of a signal, as it travels through a medium. used to describe signal loss in a transmission system. measured in decibels (db).
- Поглощение
- Зависимость снижения мощности сигнала от расстояния. для оптоволоконных кабелей обычно выражается в дб/км
- In general terms, a reduction in signal strength.
- The decrease in magnitude of a wave, or a signal, as it travels through a medium or
- The difference between transmitted and received power due to loss through equipment, lines, or other transmission devices; usually expressed in decibels. the loss in power of electromagnetic signals between transmission and reception points.
- The decrease in magnitude of a wave, or a signal, as it travels through a medium or an electric system. it is measured in decibels (db).
- The loss of optical power, whether caused intrinsically (absorption, scattering, microbends, etc.), or extrinsically by components (connectors, splices, splitters, etc)
- The decrease in radiation energy (power) as a beam passes through an absorbing or scattering medium.
- Reduction of signal magnitude, or loss, normally measured in decibels. fiber attenuation is normally measured per unit length in decibels per kilometer. the decrease in signal strength along a fiber optic waveguide caused by absorption and scattering. attenuation is usually expressed in db/km.
- A reduction in the effect or strength of something such as a virus, either because of environmental conditions or as a result of a laboratory procedure
- Ослабление
- Ослабление (затухание). уменьшение количества радиации при ее прохождении через вещество в результате всех видов взаимодействия с этим веществом. ослабление обычно не связано с уменьшением геометрических размеров (мос, 5). ослабление солнечной радиации — потеря энергии световым лучом при его прохождении через атмосферу земли. потеря энергии обусловлена рассеянием света молекулами воздуха, селективной абсорбцией молекулами определенных веществ и рассеянием света аэрозолями (вмо).
- The weakening of a transmitted signal, such as the distortion of a digital signal or the reduction in amplitude of an electrical signal. attenuation is usually measured in decibels and is sometimes desirable, as when signal strength is reduced electronically, for example, by a radio volume control, to prevent overloading.
- The weakening of a transmitted signal, such as the reduction in the brightness of light, as it travels farther from its source.
- Regulatory system of prokaryotes whereby secondary stem-loop structures formed within the 5’ end of an mrna being transcribed determine both if transcription to complete the synthesis of this mrna will occur and if this mrna will be used for translation
- Decrease in transmitted energy intensity over distance. the loss may be due to absorption, scattering, reflection, leakage, beam divergence, or other material effects.
- Снижение интенсивности передаваемой энергии на расстоянии. потери могут быть вызваны поглощением, рассеянием, отражением, утечкой, расходимостью луча или другими материальными эффектами.
- Decrease in signal magnitude during energy transmission from one point to another. this loss may be caused by absorption, reflection, scattering of energy or other material characteristics or may be caused by an electronic or optical device such as an attenuator.1
- (1) decrease in energy or signal magnitude in transmission from one point to another. can be expressed in decibels or as a scalar ratio of the input magnitude to the output magnitude.16 (2) change in signal strength caused by an electronic device such as an attenuator. (3) decrease in intensity caused by absorption, leakage, reflection, scattering or other material characteristics. see also neper.
- (1) decrease in acoustic energy over distance. this loss may be caused by absorption, leakage, reflection, scattering or other material characteristics. (2) decrease in signal amplitude caused by acoustic energy loss or by an electronic device such as an attenuator.10,16,21
Controlled, английский
- Управляемый; регулируемый
- Управляемый
- Подконтрольный (о предприятиях)
Conditions, английский
- The terms of surrender.
- Обстоятельства; условия; режим
- Грузовая устойчивость ~ of crane during lifting operations грузовая устойчивость крана ~ of geometrical shape геометрическая неизменяемость ~ of slope устойчивость откоса ~ of volume постоянство объёма
- Наблюдения за работой сооружений в условиях эксплуатации
- Работа конструкции в условиях эксплуатационных нагрузок
- A set of specified constraints and parameters that are part of the rights group bundled into a rights label. these are enforced at the time of consumption.
Characteristic, английский
- Property that helps to distinguish between items of a given population (3)
- A quality which allows something to be recognised as different cancer destroys the cell’s characteristics. adjective being a typical or distinguishing quality symptoms characteristic of anaemia the inflammation is characteristic of shingles.
- N характеристика (см. тж. portrayal) articulatory ~ артикуляторная характеристика perceptual ~ перцептивная характеристика, характеристика восприятия
- Характерная особенность, признак; характеристика, особенность ~s of the loading особенности [параметры] нагружение (конструкции)
- The characteristic dimension dc
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Bending rigidity, английский
Flexural rigidity
Flame resistance tests, английский
Flammability tests
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