|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Warrant officers in the royal navy
| Морской словарь |
The warrant rank was inaugurated in 1040 when, in return for certain privileges, the “cinque ports” began providing warships to king edward the confessor. captains were then usually nobles with little or no seagoing experience, so they relied on the expertise of professionals who had nothing to do with fighting, but took care of the technical aspects of running and navigating the ship. the senior warrant was the master, and serving under him were the boatswain, carpenter and cook, also warranted. these four are the oldest purely naval titles. by the 18th century, captains and other commissioned officers were qualified seamen and the master had been renamed sailing master. other warrant ranks had been established some, like the original four, being representatives of skilled maritime trades or specialties. they reported directly to the captain, but for administration were responsible to one of the bodies which governed naval affairs such as the navy board, victualling board, and ordnance board. they were usually examined professionally by a body other than the admiralty and had frequently served an apprenticeship. others were professionally qualified landsmen such as the doctor (surgeon) and parson (chaplain). all were required to be able to “read, write, and cipher” (calculate), but had varying degrees of status and authority: • warrant officers of wardroom rank had the privilege of standing on the quarterdeck and dining with the commissioned officers. they included sailing master, surgeon, chaplain, and purser. • standing warrant officers included boatswain, carpenter, and gunner. unlike the rest of the crew who paid off or transferred to another vessel at the end of a commission, the standing officers were permanently attached to the vessel to provide maintenance and fittings even when it was “in ordinary.” standing warrant officers had their own mess. • warrant officers of inferior grade were basically senior petty officers who could be demoted at the captain’s whim and lost their jobs when their ship paid off. they included armorer, caulker, cook, master-at-arms, ropemaker, and sailmaker. in 1843 the wardroom warrant officers were given commissioned status, while in 1853 the lower-grade warrant officers were absorbed into the new rate of chief petty officer, both classes thereby ceasing to be warrant officers. by the time of the first world war warrant officers
|
|
Privileges, английский
Привилегии; права; полномочия
Experience, английский
- Опыт
- N опыт
- Опыт; стаж; квалификация; мастерство; знания
- A set of scenarios that lead to a desired outcome by a customer segment.
- The problem here is that the "ance" and "ence" endings both usually mean the same thing, and can sound similar. the differences in spelling usually depend on the original latin root word and how it came into english. we say skip the rules and just memorize the difference (or seek assistance).
Professionals, английский
Специалисты
Established, английский
Установленный
Administration, английский
- Администрация, руководство
- 1) назначение (лекарственного средства); 2) прием, введение (лекарственного средства). 1) в русском языке в зависимости от контекста термин может означать, что препарат: назначен врачом, но неизвестно, принял ли его пациент (например, при клинических исследованиях в амбулаторной практике); 2) попал внутрь организма пациента (например, принят внутрь, введен внутримышечно или внутривенно). комментарий. в случае (2) лучше переводить по смыслу: «введение» - для инъекционных или ректальных лекарственных форм, «прием» - для пероральных форм или, например, «закапан в глаз», «приклеен накожный пластырь» и т.д.
- The management of logistics, repairs, maintenance, training, and other naval activities not directly concerned with strategy or tactics.
- Управление по технике безопасности и гигиене труда
- A feature of microsoft office live web sites and shared sites that allows users to restore their web site or shared sites from backups maintained on microsoft servers. this feature also allows users to switch to microsoft frontpage for creating their web pages and to select a time zone for their shared sites.
Responsible, английский
|
Had been divided into two grades, английский
Warrant officers and chief (commissioned) warrant officers and their ranks included technical trades such as telegraphist, wardrobe 350 electrician, shipwright, and artificer. except in ships too small to have a separate mess, wos and cwos dined alone rather than in the wardroom. wos and cwos carried swords, were saluted by ratings, and ranked between sub-lieutenants and midshipmen. in 1949, all existing warrant officers were commissioned in regular and senior grades, with titles reflecting their specialty (commissioned gunner, senior commissioned engineer, etc.), the former ranking with but behind sub-lieutenant, and the latter with but after lieutenant. the wos messes closed down, and they were admitted to the wardroom. collectively these officers were known as “branch officers,” being retitled “special duties” officers in 1956. in 1970 the new warranted rate of fleet chief petty officer was introduced, being re-named warrant officer a few years later. in 2004, the title changed again to warrant officer first class (wo.1) and the former charge chief petty officer was designated warrant officer second class (wo.2). both are senior non-commissioned officers, entitled to be addressed as “sir” or “ma’am” by subordinates, but not saluted. warrant officers in the united states navy: technical specialists were appointed as warrant officers, starting with a purser in december 1775, and more or less followed the british pattern through the 19th century. navy and coast guard warrant officers held positions as boatswains, carpenters, chaplains, masters mates, and surgeons. nowadays, there are no “warrant officers” in the u.s. navy, all being “chief warrant officers,” who are commissioned and entitled to the corresponding courtesies and privileges. a sailor must be in one of the top three enlisted ranks to be eligible to become a cwo. even when commissioned, they remain limited duty specialists, whose primary task is to serve as a technical experts, providing practical skills, guidance, and expertise to commanders and organizations in their particular field. nevertheless, a cwo can command a detachment, unit, or even a vessel, and many fill lieutenant and lieutenant commander billets throughout the u.s. navy.
Warrant officer, английский
A naval person ranking above petty officer but below commissioned officer in warships, or below mate in merchantmen, usually appointed because of specialized skills or knowledge.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
