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Policies
| Глоссарий по геотермальной энергии |
Policies are taken and/or mandated by a government—often in conjunction with business and industry within a single country, or collectively with other countries—to accelerate mitigation and adaptation measures. examples of policies are support mechanisms for renewable energy supplies, carbon or energy taxes, fuel effi ciency standards for automobiles, etc. common and co-ordinated or harmonized policies refer to those adopted jointly by parties. see also measures.
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Government, английский
- N управление ~ and binding (theory) управление и связыва- ние (концепция )
- Generally means the constitution of our country as exercised under the legislature of king or queen, lords, and commons.
- The acts, rules, procedures, instruments of power and institutions by which the citizens of a country (or more generally the parts of a system) communicate with (->communication) and exert control upon each other so that the country as a whole maintains its unity and is directed toward ends chosen from within that country (->self-organization, ->autonomy). its opposite is laissez faire. in the reality of politics, government is rarely uniformly distributed and constituted (->constitution) instead in a ruling elite, exercising institutional control over those governed. this unequal distribution of government is particularly prevalent in technical realisations. e.g., the governor of a steam engine, computer control of a production process. in biology, such control hierachies (->hierarchy) rarely exist which suggest that they may be an outgrowth of rational constuctions not a fact of nature. qeafh
- An app category that facilitates engagement with government or politics.
Conjunction, английский
- N союз coordinating ~ сочинительный союз (ант. subordinating ~) subordinating ~ подчинительный союз (ант. coordinating ~)
- In nautical astronomy, is when two bodies have the same longitude or right ascension.
- Конъюнкция; логическое умножение
Accelerate, английский
Mitigation, английский
- The act of creating a strategy for handling a problem or set of problems that will either fix the problem or make its effects as painless as possible.
- Предупреждение последствий
- Technological change and changes in activities that reduce resource inputs and emissions per unit of output. although several social, economic and technological policies would produce an emission reduction, with respect to climate change, mitigation means implementing policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance sinks. renewable energy deployment is a mitigation option when avoided greenhouse gas emissions exceed the sum of direct and indirect emissions (see emissions). mitigation capacity is a country’s ability to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions or to enhance natural sinks, where ability refers to skills, competencies, fi tness and profi ciencies that a country has attained and depends on technology, institutions, wealth, equity, infrastructure and information. mitigation capacity is rooted in a country’s sustainable development path.
- Mitigation refers to actions taken by a person to offset their losses following a breach of contract. in employment law, mitigation typically relates to a dismissed employee’s successful efforts to get alternative employment after termination and thereby replace the income stream that was lost. when mitigation efforts are successful, the damages owing to the employee will be correspondingly reduced.
- In the employment law context, mitigation by the employee is taking steps to reduce the damage suffered from a job loss. this means doing what any reasonable person in a similar situation would do to find and accept a job comparable to the one lost. the employee has a duty to mitigate their damages by looking for a new job. notice damages can be reduced by a court if it is determined that the employee failed in their duty to mitigate.
Adaptation, английский
- Адаптация; самонастройка; самоприспосабливание
- Адаптация (приспособление организма к изменившимся условиям среды, питательным и токсичным веществам)
- 1. a change which has been or can be made to something 2. the act of changing something so that it fits a new situation 3. the process by which sensory receptors become accustomed to a sensation which is repeated add add abbr attention deficit disorder
- Адаптация
- N адаптация14 (тж. adaption, см. тж. adoption) theory
- Адаптация; приспособление
- 1) characteristics of organisms evolved as a consequence of natural selection; 2) changes in the form or behavior of an organism during life as a response to environmental stimuli; 3) changes in the excitability of a sense organ as a result of continuos stimulation.
- Stability of success in the face of a changing environment. two kinds of adaptation are distinguished. (a) darwinian adaptation after darwin who observed how organisms change their internal structure when their environment makes existing forms no longer viable. e.g., ashby`s homeostat searches for a new pattern of behavior as soon as disturbances in its surroundings drive or threaten to drive its essential variables outside specified limits. (b) singerian adaptation after singer who described how organisms, particularly man, change the nature of their environment so as to eliminate threats to or prevent the destruction of their own internal organization. e.g., agriculture, architecture and technology adapt the physical environment to human-social needs. the difference between "adaptive" and "adapting" behavior (steg) also reflects this distinction. adaptation can occur in several levels of an organiz~tional hierarchy and may even apply to itself as in "amplifying adaptation" (ashby) which is "adaptation to adapt" and has the properties of self-organization.
- Initiatives and measures to reduce the vulnerability or increase the resilience of natural and human systems to actual or expected climate change impacts. various types of adaptation exist, for example, anticipatory and reactive, private and public, and autonomous and planned. examples are raising river or coastal dikes, retreating from coastal areas subject to fl ooding from sea level rise or introducing alternative temperature-appropriate or drought-adapted crops for conventional ones.
Mechanisms, английский
Collective, английский
A собирательный | n кол- лектив noun
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Policy criteria, английский
General: a standard on which a judgment or decision may be based. in the context of policies and policy instruments to support renewable energy, four inclusive criteria are common: effectiveness (effi cacy) is the extent to which intended objectives are met, for instance the actual increase in the output of renewable electricity generated or shares of renewable energy in total energy supplies within a specifi ed time period. beyond quantitative targets, this may include factors such as achieved degrees of technological diversity (promotion of different renewable energy technologies) or of spatial diversity (geographical distribution of renewable energy supplies). effi ciency is the ratio of outcomes to inputs, for example, renewable energy targets realized for economic resources spent, mostly measured at one point of time (static effi ciency), also called costeffectiveness. dynamic effi ciency adds a future time dimension by including how much innovation is triggered to improve the ratio of outcomes to inputs. equity covers the incidence and distributional consequences of a policy, including fairness, justice and respect for the rights of indigenous peoples. the equity criterion looks at the distribution of costs and benefi ts of a policy and at the inclusion and participation of wide ranges of different stakeholders (e.g., local populations, independent power producers). institutional feasibility is the extent to which a policy or policy instrument is seen as legitimate, able to gain acceptance, and able to be adopted and implemented. it covers administrative feasibility when compatible with the available information base and administrative capacity, legal structure and economic realities. political feasibility needs acceptance and support by stakeholders, organizations and constituencies, and compatibility with prevailing cultures and traditions.
Path dependence, английский
Outcomes of a process are conditioned by previous decisions, events and outcomes, rather than only by current actions. choices based on transitory conditions can exert a persistent impact long after those conditions have changed.
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