| spread, measure of | Also inter-quartile range, range, and standard deviation inter-quartile range, range, and standard deviation; |
| inter-quartile range, range, and standard deviation |
spread, measure of; |
| change of units or variables | Also transformation transformation; |
| class interval | In plotting a histogram, one starts by dividing the range of values into a set of non-overlapping intervals, called class intervals, in such a way that every datum is contained in some class inter... bin; класса интервал; |
| binomial coefficient | - Combinations
- Биномиальный коэффициент
- The binomial coefficient counts the number of ways n items can be partitioned into two groups, one of size k and the other of size n...
combinations; |
| combinations | The number of combinations of n things taken k at a time is the number of ways of picking a subset of k of the n things, without replacement, and without regard to the order in which the elements ... binomial coefficient; |
| mutually exclusive | - Disjoint events or disjoint sets
- Взаимоисключающий
disjoint events or disjoint sets; |
| disjoint events or disjoint sets |
mutually exclusive; |
| element of a set | Member member; |
| standard normal curve | Normal curve normal curve; |
| normal curve | The normal curve is the familiar "bell curve:," illustrated on this page. the mathematical expression for the normal curve is y = (2×pi)−½e−x2/2, where pi is the ratio of the... standard normal curve; |
| frequency theory of probability | Probability, theories of probability, theories of; |
| probability, theories of | A theory of probability is a way of assigning meaning to probability statements such as "the chance that a thumbtack lands point-up is 2/3." that is, a theory of probability connects the mathemati... frequency theory of probability; |
| lower quartile (lq) | Quartiles quartiles; |
| quartiles | There are three quartiles. the first or lower quartile (lq) of a list is a number (not necessarily a number in the list) such that at least 1/4 of the numbers in the list are no larger than it, an... lower quartile (lq); upper quartile (uq); |
| upper quartile (uq) | Quartiles quartiles; |
| random event | - Random experiment
- Случайное событие
random experiment; |
| random experiment | An experiment or trial whose outcome is not perfectly predictable, but for which the long-run relative frequency of outcomes of different types in repeated trials is predictable. note that "random... random event; |
| sample survey | - A survey based on the responses of a sample of individuals, rather than the entire population.
- Выборочное обследование; выборочное наблюдение, см. sampling; sampling observation, sa...
survey; |
| affine transformation | Transformation transformation; |
| post hoc ergo propter hoc | "after this, therefore because of this." a fallacy of logic known since classical times: inferring a causal relation from correlation. don`t do this at home! |
| placebo | - A "dummy" treatment that has no pharmacological effect; e.g., a sugar pill.
- Placebo
- A tablet which appears to be a drug, but has no medicinal substance in it comment: pla...
placebo; плацебо; |
| independent and identically distributed (iid) | A collection of two or more random variables {x1, x2, … , } is independent and identically distributed if the variables have the same probability distribution, and are independent. |
| controlled, randomized experiment | A controlled experiment in which the assignment of subjects to the treatment group or control group is done at random, for example, by tossing a coin. |
| cross-sectional study | A cross-sectional study compares different individuals to each other at the same time—it looks at a cross-section of a population. the differences between those individuals can confound with the e... |
| skewed distribution | - A distribution that is not symmetrical.
- Probability distribution in which an unequal number of observations lie below (negative skew) or above (positive skew) the mean.
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| multimodal distribution | A distribution with more than one mode. the histogram of a multimodal distribution has more than one "bump." |
| fair bet | A fair bet is one for which the expected value of the payoff is zero, after accounting for the cost of the bet. for example, suppose i offer to pay you $2 if a fair coin lands heads, but you must ... |
| game theory | - A field of study that bridges mathematics, statistics, economics, and psychology. it is used to study economic behavior, and to model conflict between nations, for example, "nuclear stalemate"...
теория игр; |
| monotone, monotonic function | A function is monotone if it only increases or only decreases: f increases monotonically (is monotonic increasing) if x > y, implies thatf(x) ≥ f(y). a function f decreases monotonically (is... |
| secular trend | A linear association (trend) with time. секулярный тренд; |
| logical argument | A logical argument consists of one or more premises, propositions that are assumed to be true, and a conclusion, a proposition that is supposed to be guaranteed to be true (as a matter of pure log... |
| sound argument | A logical argument is sound if it is logically valid and its premises are in fact true. an argument can be logically valid and yet not sound—if its premises are false. |
| denying the antecedent | A logical fallacy that argues from the premise a → b and the premise !a that therefore, !b. the name comes from the fact that the operation denies (i.e., asserts the negation of) the anteced... |
| affirming the consequent | A logical fallacy that argues from the premise a → b and the premise b that therefore, a is true. the name comes from the fact that the argument affirms (i.e., asserts as true) the consequen... |
| appeal to ignorance | A logical fallacy: taking the absence of evidence to be evidence of absence. if something is not known to be false, assume that it is true; or if something is not known to be true, assume that it ... |
| compound proposition | - A logical proposition formed from other propositions using logical operations such as !, |, xor, &, → and ↔.
- Сложное высказывание; составное высказывание
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| proposition, logical proposition | A logical proposition is a statement that can be either true or false. for example, "the sun is shining in berkeley right now" is a proposition. see also &, ↔, →, |, xor, converse, con... |
| location, measure of | A measure of location is a way of summarizing what a "typical" element of a list is—it is a one-number summary of a distribution. see also arithmetic mean, median, and mode. |
| subject, experimental subject | A member of the control group or the treatment group. |
| venn diagram | - A pictorial way of showing the relations among sets or events. the universal set or outcome space is usually drawn as a rectangle; sets are regions within the rectangle. the overlap of the reg...
диаграмма венна; |
| class boundary | A point that is the left endpoint of one class interval, and the right endpoint of another class interval. |
| nearly normal distribution | A population of numbers (a list of numbers) is said to have a nearly normal distribution if the histogram of its values in standard units nearly follows a normal curve. more precisely, suppose tha... |
| premise, logical premise | A premise is a proposition that is assumed to be true as part of a logical argument. |
| probability histogram | A probability histogram for a random variable is analogous to a histogram of data, but instead of plotting the area of the bins proportional to the relative frequency of observations in the class ... |
| qualitative variable | A qualitative variable is one whose values are adjectives, such as colors, genders, nationalities, etc. c.f. quantitative variable and categorical variable. |
| continuous variable | A quantitative variable is continuous if its set of possible values is uncountable. examples include temperature, exact height, exact age (including parts of a second). in practice, one can never ... |
| discrete variable | - A quantitative variable whose set of possible values is countable. typical examples of discrete variables are variables whose possible values are a subset of the integers, such as social secur...
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| quota sample | A quota sample is a sample picked to match the population with respect to some summary characteristics. it is not a random sample. for example, in an opinion poll, one might select a sample so tha... |
| chance variation, chance error | A random variable can be decomposed into a sum of its expected value and chance variation around its expected value. the expected value of the chance variation is zero; the standard error of the c... |
| random variable | - A random variable is an assignment of numbers to possible outcomes of a random experiment. for example, consider tossing three coins. the number of heads showing when the coins land is a rando...
rv; случайная величина; |
| residual plot | A residual plot for a regression is a plot of the residuals from the regression against the explanatory variable. |
| convenience sample | A sample drawn because of its convenience; it is not a probability sample. for example, i might take a sample of opinions in berkeley (where i live) by just asking my 10 nearest neighbors. that wo... выборка; |
| probability sample | A sample drawn from a population using a random mechanism so that every element of the population has a known chance of ending up in the sample. вероятностная выборка; выборка; |
| frame, sampling frame | A sampling frame is a collection of units from which a sample will be drawn. ideally, the frame is identical to the population we want to learn about; more typically, the frame is only a subset of... |
| scatterplot | A scatterplot is a way to visualize bivariate data. a scatterplot is a plot of pairs of measurements on a collection of "individuals" (which need not be people). for example, suppose we record the... график рассеяния; |
| converge, convergence | A sequence of numbers x1, x2, x3 … converges if there is a number x such that for any number e>0, there is a number k (which can depend on e) such that |xj − x| < e whenever j > k. if such a... |
| convergence in probability | - A sequence of random variables x1, x2, x3 … converges in probability if there is a random variable x such that for any number e>0, the sequence of numbers
- Сходимость по вероятности<...
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| countable set | - A set is countable if its elements can be put in one-to-one correspondence with a subset of the integers. for example, the sets {0, 1, 7, −3}, {red, green, blue}, {…,−2, −1, ...
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| uncountable | - A set is uncountable if it is not countable.
- Несч
- A неисчисляемый (ант. countable) noun
несч; |
| multivariate data | A set of measurements of two or more variables per individual. see bivariate. |
| simple random sample | A simple random sample of n units from a population is a random sample drawn by a procedure that is equally likely to give every collection of n units from the population; that is, the probability... выборка; |
| no causation without manipulation | A slogan attributed to paul holland. if the conditions were not deliberately manipulated (for example, if the situation is an observational study rather than an experiment), it is unwise to conclu... |
| deck of cards | A standard deck of playing cards contains 52 cards, 13 each of four suits: spades, hearts, diamonds, and clubs. the thirteen cards of each suit are {ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, jack, queen, k... |
| subset | - A subset of a given set is a collection of things that belong to the original set. every element of the subset must belong to the original set, but not every element of the original set need b...
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| systematic sample | A systematic sample from a frame of units is one drawn by listing the units and selecting every kth element of the list. for example, if there are n units in the frame, and we want a sample of siz... выборка; |
| systematic random sample | A systematic sample starting at a random point in the listing of units in the of frame, instead of starting at the first unit. systematic random sampling is better than systematic sampling, but ty... |
| selection bias | - A systematic tendency for a sampling procedure to include and/or exclude units of a certain type. for example, in a quota sample, unconscious prejudices or predilections on the part of the int...
систематическая ошибка отбора; |
| valid (logical) argument | A valid logical argument is one in which the truth of the premises indeed guarantees the truth of the conclusion. for example, the following logical argument is valid: if the forecast calls for ra... |
| denying the consequent | A valid logical argument that concludes from the premise a → b and the premise !b that therefore, !a. the name comes from the fact that the operation denies (i.e., asserts the logical negati... |
| affirming the antecedent | A valid logical argument that concludes from the premise a → b and the premise a that therefore, b is true. the name comes from the fact that the argument affirms (i.e., asserts as true) the... |
| standard units | A variable (a set of data) is said to be in standard units if its mean is zero and its standard deviation is one. you transform a set of data into standard units by subtracting the mean from each ... |
| quantitative variable | A variable that takes numerical values for which arithmetic makes sense, for example, counts, temperatures, weights, amounts of money, etc. for some variables that take numerical values, arithmeti... |
| ordinal variable | A variable whose possible values have a natural order, such as {short, medium, long}, {cold, warm, hot}, or {0, 1, 2, 3, …}. in contrast, a variable whose possible values are {straight, curly} or ... |
| categorical variable | - A variable whose value ranges over categories, such as {red, green, blue}, {male, female}, {arizona, california, montana, new york}, {short, tall}, {asian, african-american, caucasian, hispani...
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| payoff matrix | - A way of representing what each player in a game wins or loses, as a function of his and his opponent`s strategies.
- Платежная матрица
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| box model | - An analogy between an experiment and drawing numbered tickets "at random" from a box with replacement. for example, suppose we are trying to evaluate a cold remedy by giving it or a placebo to...
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