Отличительной особенностью нанотехнологий является их междисциплинарный характер - они объединяют физику, химию, биологию и другие научные дисциплины. В современном мире нанотехнологии играют все более важную роль в различных сферах науки и техники. Они открывают новые возможности для создания инновационных материалов, устройств и систем, которые могут применяться в медицине, электронике, энергетике и других отраслях.
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| 2d material | A single layer of atoms of a crystalline solid that generally possesses different properties from their 3d counterparts (e.g., graphene). |
| 3d printing | A top-down method of printing where polymers are deposited layer by layer to produce a 3d structure. |
| alkali metals | A group of soft, very reactive elements that includes lithium, sodium, and potassium. щелочные металлы; |
| amino acids | - Simple organic compounds composed of carboxyl (-co2–) and amino (-nh3+) groups that are the fundamental building blocks of proteins.
- Amino acids are building blocks that help facili...
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| atomic force microscope (afm) | A scanning probe microscopy instrument capable of revealing the structure of samples. the afm uses a sharp metal tip positioned over a conducting or non-conducting substrate and the surface topogr... атомно-силовой микроскоп (асм); |
| atomic layer deposition (ald) | A technique used to deposit thin-films one atomic layer at a time using self-limiting gas phase reactions. |
| beam pen lithography (bpl) | A cantilever-free scanning probe technique based on polymer pen lithography, where patterning is accomplished by passing light through small apertures at the tips of pens in a two-dimensional tip ... |
| biomimetics | The study of the structure and function of biological substances to develop man-made systems that mimic natural ones; imitating, copying, or learning from biological systems to create new material... биомиметика; |
| block copolymers | Self-assembled material composed of long sequences of “blocks” of the same monomer unit, covalently bound to sequences of unlike type. |
| bottom-up assembly | A methodology by which larger structures are made by assembling many smaller ones (e.g., when nanoparticle building blocks are brought together to create larger assemblies). see also top-down asse... |
| brownian motion | The movement of small objects in solution owing to thermal fluctuations. броуновское движение; |
| buckyball | See fullerene. |
| cell adhesion | The bonding of cells to surfaces or to other cells. protein molecules at the surface of cells are generally the glue involved in cell adhesion. |
| cell recognition | The process by which a cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings. |
| computational chemistry | A branch of theoretical chemistry with the goal of creating computer programs to calculate the properties of molecules (such as total energy, dipole moment, and vibrational frequencies) and to app... |
| crispr | A technology in molecular biology that utilizes the cas9 enzyme’s affinity to short palindromic sequences of dna along with a guiding rna sequence to target and edit genes within organisms. |
| dendrimer | A polymer with multiple branches. dendrimers are synthetic 3-d macromolecular structures that interact with cells, enabling scientists to probe, diagnose, treat, or manipulate cells on the nanosca... |
| dip-pen nanolithography (dpn) | A method for nanoscale patterning of surfaces by the transfer of a material from the tip of an atomic force microscope onto the surface. developed by professor chad a. mirkin, the dpn allows resea... |
| dna bricks | A lego-like dna block that is used in dna technology to build 2d and 3d nanostructures. |
| dna cleavage | The cutting or breaking of a dna strand. |
| dna dendron | A single stranded dna molecule that branches into several dna strands, mimicking the high density of dna on an sna surface. |
| dna origami | A technique in dna nanotechnology that uses the specificity of dna interactions to fold dna scaffolds into complex structures in a facile manner. |
| dna recognition | The ability of one dna molecule to “recognize” and attach to another molecule that has a complementary shape. |
| dna replication | The process of making copies of dna strands prior to cell division using existing dna as a template for the newly created strands. |
| dna structures | Dna frameworks occurring in nature: i.e., double helix, cruciforms, left-handed dna, multistranded structures. also, microarrays of small dots of dna on surfaces. |
| drug delivery | The use of physical, chemical, and biological components to deliver controlled amounts of a therapeutic agent. |
| dynamic light scattering (dls) | A characterization technique used to determine the size of nanoscale materials in a solution by analyzing the scattering intensity of a laser over time. |
| electrochemical methods | Experimental methods used to study the physical and chemical phenomena associated with electron transfer at the interface of an electrode and a solution. electrochemical methods are used to obtain... |
| electrochemical properties | The characteristics of materials that occur when a) an electric current is passed through a material and produces chemical changes and b) when a chemical reaction is used to produce an electric cu... |
| electroluminescence (el) | The light produced by some materials — mainly semiconductors — when exposed to an electric field. in this process, the electric field excites electrons in the material, which then emit the excess ... |
| electron diffraction | A surface science technique used to examine solids by firing a beam of electrons at a sample and observing the electron deflection from the sample’s atomic nuclei. |
| electron equivalents (ees) | A class of programmable atom equivalent that is much smaller than traditional paes. the small size allows these materials to diffuse throughout the crystalline assemblies, much like classical elec... |
| electron transfer | The passage of an electron from one constituent of a system to another, as from one molecule or ion to another. applications include photography, xerography, and dye-sensitized injection solar cel... |
| electron transport | The manipulation of individual electrons. nanolithography techniques allow single electrons to be transported at very low temperatures in specially designed circuits. |
| electron tunneling | The passage of electrons through a barrier that, according to the principles of classical mechanics, cannot be breached. an example of electron tunneling is the passage of an electron through a th... |
| electro-optics | The study of the influence of an electric field on the optical properties of matter — especially in crystalline form — such as transmission, emission, and absorption of light. also known as optoel... |
| excited states | In quantum mechanics, all levels of energy above the lowest or ground state (also known as equilibrium). excited states are ranked in order of increasing energy; that is, the second excited state ... |
| ferroelectrics | Crystalline substances that have a permanent spontaneous electric polarization (electric dipole moment per cubic centimeter) that can be reversed by an electric field. |
| ferrofluid | A fluid in which fine particles of iron, magnetite or cobalt are suspended, typically in an oil. a ferrofluid is superparamagnetic and can create liquid seals held in position by magnetic fields. ... |
| ferromagnetic materials | - Substances, including a number of crystalline materials, that are characterized by a possible permanent magnetization.
- Materials, such as iron, cobalt, and nickel, which have an abn...
ферромагнитные материалы; |
| field effect | The local change from the normal value produced by an electric field in the charge-carrier concentration of a semiconductor. |
| field emission | The emission of electrons from the surface of a metallic conductor into a vacuum (or into an insulator) under influence of a strong electric field. in field emission, electrons penetrate through t... |
| fluorescence spectroscopy | A technique to measure the interaction of radiant energy with matter by passing emitted fluorescent light through a monochromator to record the fluorescence emission spectrum. |
| fluorescent probe | A stain used for tagging and labeling biological cells to detect structures, molecules, or proteins within the cell. also single-stranded pieces of dna, with enzymatically incorporated fluorescent... |
| forced intercalation (fit) aptamer | An oligonucleotide which contains a dye that, upon binding to a target molecule, generates an enhanced and detectable fluorescence readout. |
| gas-phase reactions | A class of chemical reactions that occur in a single gaseous phase based on the physical state of the substances present. examples include the combination of common household gas and oxygen to pro... |
| gene expression | - The transcription, translation, and phenotypic manifestation of a gene.
- Production of proteins from the information contained in dna through the processes of transcription and trans...
экспрессия генов; |
| gene sequencing | Technology used to interpret the sequence of the nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine) in a dna sample from bands on an x-ray film image. scientists use a combination of lasers, hi... |
| gene technology | Techniques that allow experimenters to manipulate specific genes within an organism and determine the effect this has on the functioning of the organism. |
| genomics | - The study of the genetic content of organisms.
- The study and comparison of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their...
геномика; |
| g-quadruplex | A four-guanine tetrad type of dna secondary structure that forms with sequences rich in guanine. |
| graphene | An allotrope of carbon where a single sheet of carbons can be formed in a honeycomb-like lattice nanostructure. |
| green chemistry | The use of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate substances hazardous to human health or the environment, creating no waste or generating only benign waste. |
| heterogeneous catalysis | A chemical process in which the catalyst and the reactant are present in separate phases. usually the catalyst is a solid, the reactants and products are in gaseous or liquid phases, and the catal... |
| hierarchical assembly | A controlled means of assembly where individual components have varying levels of assembly affinity to allow for the stepwise growth of a structure. this allows for the formation of complex materi... |
| high throughput screening (hts) | An assortment of technologies used to identify small molecules. hts is often used in drug development to screen potential sources for novel molecules. it is capable of processing a wide variety of... |
| high-area rapid printing (harp) | A fast and high-throughput form of 3d printing that employs a mobile liquid interface to manufacture large and mechanically robust parts. uv light cures a liquid resin into hardened plastic. |
| homogeneous catalysis | A process in which a catalyst is in the same phase — usually a gas or liquid — as the reactant. catalysis of the transformation of organic molecules by acids or bases is one of the most widespread... |
| hydrogel | A network of polymers that absorb water to produce well-defined structures. |
| hydrogen bonding | The interaction of a hydrogen atom with another atom, influencing the physical properties and three-dimensional structure of a chemical substance. hydrogen bonding generally occurs between atoms o... |
| hydrophilic effect | Having an affinity for, attracting, adsorbing, or absorbing water. hydrophilic effect occurs when a liquid comes in contact with another phase — typically a solid substrate, if it attracts the liq... |
| hydrophobic effect | Lacking an affinity for, repelling, or failing to adsorb or absorb water. hydrophobic effect occurs when a liquid comes in contact with another phase — typically a solid substrate, if it exerts a ... |
| infrared (ir) spectroscopy | A technique in which infrared light is passed through matter and some of the light is absorbed by inciting molecular vibration. the difference between the incident and the emitted radiation reveal... |
| ion channel | A protein-coated pore in a cell membrane that selectively regulates the diffusion of ions into and out of the cell, allowing only certain ion species to pass through the membrane. |
| ion conductors | The discharge of charged particles in a fluid electrolyte to conduct an electrical current. |
| junctions | In electronics, the interface between two different types of materials within diodes, transistors, and other semiconductor devices. |
| kirkendall effect | The movement of the interface between two metals caused by a variation in the diffusion rates of the metals. |
| lab-on-a-chip devices | Miniaturized analytical systems that integrate a chemical laboratory on a chip. lab-on-a-chip technology enables portable devices for point-of-care (or on-site) medical diagnostics and environment... |
| langmuir-blodgett (lb) films | Ultrathin films (monolayers and isolated molecular layers) created by nanofabrication. an lb-film can consist of a single layer or many, up to a depth of several visible-light wavelengths. the ter... |
| led (light-emitting diode) | A semiconductor device that converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. the led emits light of a particular frequency (hence a particular color) depending on the physical characteri... |
| liposome | A closed, spherical bilayer of amphiphilic molecules commonly used as delivery vessels in nanomedicine. липосома; полые липосомы; |
| liquid phase separation | A method of extracting one liquid from another, generally through the use of solvents. |
| materials genome | All possible combinations of elements that can be synthesized and used. akin to the biological genome, or all of the genetic information of an organism. |
| megalibrary | An array of millions to billions of nanomaterials with a gradient of sizes and compositions spatially encoded on a chip that are prepared via high-throughput methods. |
| metal organic framework (mof) | A class of compounds consisting of metal ions that are coordinated to organic ligands to form porous, crystalline structures with applications in catalysis, water remediation, and gas storage. |
| microcontact printing | A technique that uses a silicone stamp to deposit molecules on surfaces in patterns with microscale features. |
