При переводе книг по боевым искусствам, в частности, айкидо, переводчиками используется традиционная японская терминология. В помощь редакторам, переводчикам подобных текстов мы собрали из открытых источников глоссарий терминов и ключевых понятий этого вида боевых практик.
| hassō-no-kamae 八相の構え | “all (eight) directions” stance, it is an offensive stance, named for one’s ability to respond to a situation in any direction |
| bukiwaza 武器技 | “weapons technique.” generic term for weapons practice |
| kaiten – 回転 (かいてん) | 180 degrees turn, rotation in place (on the toes) |
| shihō-giri 一 四方切 | 4 direction cut |
| shomen uchi shihōgiri 正面 打ち 四方切 | 4 direction movement performing shomenuchi strike |
| ikkyo shihōgiri 一教 四方切 | 4 direction movement with ikkyo entrance |
| happō-giri 一 八方切 | 8 direction cut |
| shomen uchi happōgiri 正面 打ち 八方切 | 8 direction movement performing shomenuchi strike |
| ikkyo happōgiri 一教 八方切 | 8 direction movement with ikkyo entrance |
| kaiten nage 回転投げ | A group of kokyunage techniques using the foot movement kaiten – 2 versions: |
| waki-gamae 脇構え | A stance involving the swordsman hiding the length of one’s own blade behind their body, only exposing the pommel to the opponent. this stance was common when there was no standard length of sword... |
| chūdan-no-kamae (chūdan-gamae) 中段の構え | A sword stance. chūdan means mid-level. in chūdan-gamae, the tip of the sword is pointed toward the base of the opponent’s throat |
| gedan-no-kamae (gedan-gamae) 下段の構え | A sword stance. gedan means lower level. the tip of the sword is lowered so that it points toward the ground |
| jōdan-gamae 上段構え | A sword stance. jōdan is upper-level. in jōdan-gamae, the sword is raised up so that the hilt is held in front of the forehead and the tip points obliquely behind toward the sky |
| aikidōka – 合気道家 (あいきどうか) | Aikidō practitioner. the last kanji 家 (it can be read “ie” also) means family, house and, better, when used as a suffix, like here, it takes the meanings of |
| ayumi ashi – 歩み 足 (あゆみ あし) | Alternating steps, left and right, like normal walking |
| ushiro – 後 (うしろ) | Back, behind |
| ura – 裏 (うら) | Backward direction or in the rear side of the opponent |
| ushiro ukemi – 後 受け身 (うしろ うけみ) | Backward fall |
| tai-sabaki – 体 捌き (たい さばき) | Body move, evasive movement |
| tenkan – 転換 (てんかん) or tai no henkō – 体の変更 (たいのへんこう) or tai no tenkan – 体の転換 ({ | Body turn |
| mune dori – 胸 取り (むね どり) | Collar grip by the chest |
| eri dori – 襟 取り (えり どり) | Collar grip by the neck |
| sumiotoshi 隅落 | Corner drop, move the contact with the partner to the blind point |
| jujinage 十字投げ | Cross arm throw |
| shōmen uchi – 正面 打ち (しょうめん うち) | Cut or blow to head |
| tantō 短刀 | Dagger or knife (practice tantō is made from wood). |
| futaridori | Defense against 2 attacker holding statically with grabbing techniques |
| futarigake | Defense against 2 attacker using dynamic striking or grabbing techniques |
| jonage 杖投げ | Defense techniques using the stick actively to throw the attacker (whose intention is taking the stick from you) |
| hō – 方 （ほう） [ho] | Direction (example |
| tantodori 短刀取り | Disarming techniques against knife attack |
| jodori 杖取り | Disarming techniques against stick attack |
| tachidori 太刀取り | - Disarming techniques against sword attack
- Sword take-away technique (generic)
|
| ikkyo undō 一教運動 | Enter with both arms forward in the tegatana (手刀) position, used also in combination of previous shihōgiri or happōgiri movements (or maybe better, using the expression |
| irimi tenkan – 入り身 転換 (いりみ てんかん) | Entering and turning the body |
| iriminage 入身投げ | Entrance throw |
| reishiki – 礼式 (れいしき) | Etiquette, manners. |
| furitama – 降り魂 (ふりたま) | Exercise to still ki |
| ukemi – 受け身 (うけみ) | Falling technique |
| gokkyo 五教 | Fifth principle, defense from knife attack |
| ikkyo 一教 | First principle, control of the elbow |
| tsugi ashi – 次 足 (つぎ あし) | Following step, where the rear foot is brought up close to the front then the front foot moves forward to the normal kamai/hanmi distance |
| ashi-sabaki – 足 捌き (あし さばき) | Footwork |
| doumo arigatou gozaimashita – どうも ありがとう ございました [doomo arigatoo gozaimash(i)ta] | Formal way to say “thank you very much”, always used at the end of practice, when bowing to the instructor. |
| yonkyo 四教 | Forth principle, similar to ikkyo, controlling uke by applying contact to radial nerve points on the forearm |
| omote - 表 (おもて) | Forward direction, or in the front side of the opponent |
| mae ukemi – 前 受け身 (まえ うけみ) | Forward fall |
| shihonage 四方投げ | Four-direction throw |
| jiyu waza | Free techniques from free attack |
| mae – 前 (まえ) | Front, before |
| morote dori – もろ手 取り(もろて どり) | Grip of the arm with both hands, also called katate ryotedori |
| katate ryōte dori – 片手 両手 取り (かたて りょうて どり) | Grip of the arm with both hands, also called morote dori |
| ryō hiji dori – 両 肘 取り (りょう ひじ どり) | Grip on both elbows |
| ushiro ryō hiji dori – 後ろ 両 肘 取り (うしろ りょう ひじ どり) | Grip on both elbows from behind |
| hiji dori – 肘 取り (ひじ どり) | Grip on elbow |
| ryō kata dori – 両 肩 取り (りょう かた どり) | Grip to both shoulders |
| ushiro ryō kata dori – 後ろ 両 肩 取り (うしろ りょう かた どり) | Grip to both shoulders from behind |
| ryōte dori – 両手 取り (りょうて どり) | Gripping both wrists |
| ushiro ryōte dori – 後ろ 両手 取り (うしろ りょうて どり) | Gripping both wrists from the back, from behind, also called ushiro ryō tekubi dori |
| ushiro ryō tekubi dori - 後ろ 両 手首 取り (うしろ りょう てくび どり) | Gripping both wrists from the back, from behind, also called ushiro ryōte dori |
| hanmi – 半身 (はんみ) | Half-facing stance. composed by the two kanji 半 (はん, han) = half; 身 (み, mi) = body. |
| koshinage 腰投げ | Hip throw, similar to judo |
| uchi – 打ち (うち) | Hit |
| irimi – 入り身 (いりみ) | In to the body, inwards |
| tandoku dōsa – 単独 動作 (たんどく どうさ) | Individual practice |
| kamae – 構え (かまえ) | It comes from 構う [かまう] to mind; to care about; to be concerned about |
| jōdori 杖取り | Jō takeaway techniques |
| the following are the 5 stances of weapon work | Jōdan, chūdan, gedan, hassō and waki – originally form kendo but of course applicable to all sword and also short staff practice; some also used in naginata and long staff |
| ai – 合 (あう – yeah, actually the main reading is not ai but aa, long sound) | Joint; associate; accomplice; fit; put together. |
| tantōdori 短刀取り | Knife take-way technique (generic) |
| irimi-sokumen – 入り身 側面 (いりみ そくめん) | Lateral entering |
| hidari - 左 (ひだり) | Left |
| hidari hanmi – 左 半身 (ひだり はんみ) | Left foot forward half-facing stance |
| onegai shimasu – おねがい します [onegai shimas(u)] | Literally it means “please”, and it is always said at the beginning of every class and beginning the practice with a partner, when bowing to the instructor or to each other. |
| kokyunage 呼吸投げ | Literally, breath throw, a system of throwing techniques by using more center and hips and relaxation than locks for unbalance the opponent, and then terminating by projection |
| rei – 礼 (れい) | Literally, expression of gratitude; salutation; thanks – it means “to bow”. |
