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Monopoly
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- A market with only one supplier. lots of industries were previously state monopolies: the gas industry had only one supplier — british gas; british telecom was a government monopoly.
- A company that eliminates its competitors and controls an industry.
- Исключительное право; монополия
- The only seller with control over market sales.
- The situation wherein one company has the market power to control the price or availability of a good or service. if this is unregulated, the company is likely to produce fewer goods or to sell goods more expensively than would be the case in a competitive environment. in practice, a monopoly may refer to an industry where one company has power to control the sector regardless of other companies or it may refer to a sector where only one company exists. it should be noted that outside natural monopolies, few monopolies are absolute and that even dominant companies may be subject to pressures on their price setting or limiting of supply. the effects of monopoly, including natural monopoly, on welfare can be limited by appropriate regulation.
- Absolute control of all sales and distribution in a market by one firm, due to some barrier to entry of other firms, allowing the firm to sell at a higher price than the socially optimal price.
- Exclusive control of a market by a single provider, supplier or seller.
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Монополия, русский
- Монополия , право
- Исключительное право производства, тор-говли, промысла и т.д., принадлежащее одному лицу, определен-ной группе лиц или государству
- Крупное хозяйственное объе-динение (картель, концерн, синдикат, трест), экономически гос-подствующее на рынке ка
- Исключительное право производства, торговли и т.д., принадлежащее одному лицу, определенной группе лиц или государству; вообще исключительное право на что-либо. монополией называют также крупную фирму, имеющую решающую роль в какой-либо сфере деятельности или нескольких
- , в экономике - ситуация на рынке, которая характеризуется наличием небольшого числа продавцов (редко единственного), каждый из которых способен повлиять на общий объем предложения и на цену товара или услуги. при этом осуществляется определенный контроль над вхождением в данную отрасль др. фирм как потенциальных конкурентов. барьеры, ограждающие монополию, могут быть либо установлены государством (в форме патентов, тарифов, франшиз), либо обусловлены превосходством монополиста в используемой им технологии или управленческом ноу-хау, либо связаны с необходимостью огромных капиталовложений для ведения хозяйственной деятельности в данной отрасли.
- (от моно ... и греч. poleo - продаю), исключительное (монопольное) право в какой-либо сфере деятельности государства, организации, фирмы и т. д.
- Единоличный контроль рынка одним провайдером, поставщиком или продавцом.
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Government, английский
- N управление ~ and binding (theory) управление и связыва- ние (концепция )
- Generally means the constitution of our country as exercised under the legislature of king or queen, lords, and commons.
- The acts, rules, procedures, instruments of power and institutions by which the citizens of a country (or more generally the parts of a system) communicate with (->communication) and exert control upon each other so that the country as a whole maintains its unity and is directed toward ends chosen from within that country (->self-organization, ->autonomy). its opposite is laissez faire. in the reality of politics, government is rarely uniformly distributed and constituted (->constitution) instead in a ruling elite, exercising institutional control over those governed. this unequal distribution of government is particularly prevalent in technical realisations. e.g., the governor of a steam engine, computer control of a production process. in biology, such control hierachies (->hierarchy) rarely exist which suggest that they may be an outgrowth of rational constuctions not a fact of nature. qeafh
- An app category that facilitates engagement with government or politics.
Competitors, английский
Availability, английский
- The percentage of time that an item or system is able to perform its designed function.
- (1) the fraction of a fish population which lives where it is susceptible to fishing during a given fishing season. (2) catch per unit of effort. (3) a term sometimes used to describe whether a given fish of a given size can be caught by a given type of g
- Наличие; доступность
- N наличие avesta n «авеста» axon n аксон6 b
- The quality or condition of a photovoltaic system being available to provide power to a load. usually measured in hours per year. one minus availability equals downtime.
- A level of service provided by applications, services, or systems.
- The condition of a user that can be displayed to the user’s contacts to communicate whether the user is currently online and available, offline and unavailable, and so on.
- The periods of time when a resource can be scheduled to participate in a service activity.
- The period in which the project financing is available for drawdown.
- Использование кредитных средств
- The quality or condition of a photovoltaic system available to provide power to
- "the ability of an item to be in a state to perform a required function under given conditions at a given instant of time or during a given time interval, assuming that the required external resources are provided.
Competitive, английский
Конкурентоспособный
Environment, английский
- Surrounding in which operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interaction.
- Окружающая среда. совокупность всех материальных тел, сил и явлений природы, ее вещество и пространство, любая деятельность человека, находящегося в непосредственном контакте с живыми организмами; совокупность абиотической, биотической и социальной сред,
- Окружающие условия [среда]; внешние факторы или воздействия; условия эксплуатации ` (лл)
- The conditions and influences under which an organism lives
- N 1 лнгв. окружение; 2 псхл. окружающая обстановка5 consonantal ~ консонантное окружение epanalepsis n эпаналепсис, удвоение6 epenthesis n 1 эпентеза, вставка звуков1; 2 добавление гласного звука для того, чтобы 3 английский как язык международного общения. 4 несовпадение стиховых и фразовых границ. 5 внешний контекст, в котором происходит наше поведение. 6 фигура речи, состоящая в повторе слова, словосочетания или пред- ложения. epenthetic 41 evaluation разбить труднопроизносимую группу (кла- стер) согласных
- Окружающая среда
- Окружающая среда; при- родно-ландшафтная среда
- The place in which an organism lives, and the circumstances under which it lives. environment includes measures like moisture and temperature, as much as it refers to the actual physical place where an organism is found.
- The combination of all the external conditions and the potential effect of the inner environment (heteromosaic of abiotic conditions). e. change: survival depends on the life span of the organisms involved, and has to adapt to a new situation via genetic change, evolution, etc. • cyclic change: rhythmically repetitive, like cycles of a season, day / night, movement of tides etc. • directional change: change is maintained over a long period in relation to the life span of organisms - erosion, siltation, cycles of glaciation, etc. • erratic change: these have no rhythm and no consistent direction e.g., hurricanes, cyclones, flash storms, fires, vulcanos, earthquake, etc.
- Окружающая среда. существующая в данный момент совокупность всех внешних условий и воздействий, которым подвержена данная система (или организм) (мос, 14). `36
- (1) the system of surrounding things, conditions or influences, especially affecting the existence or development of someone, something or another system (->habitat), (2) the art of environing, (3) the state of being environed.
- A global context in which to access data.
- A set of roles that are required to run a specific application and the machines to be used for each role.
- One of two deployment destinations within a microsoft azure cloud service: staging or production.
- The totality of surrounding conditions and circumstances affecting growth or development. often the term is applied to the natural features of a geographic area: water, air, and land — including ecological relationships.
- The sum of the physical, chemical, and biological factors that surround an organism.
Regardless, английский
Невзирая на, несмотря на
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Laissez-faire, английский
- The doctrine or system of government non-interference in the economy except as necessary to maintain economic freedom. ronald reagan and margaret thatcher were great believers in laissez-faire economics.
- Lack of regulation and control
Money supply, английский
- A measure of the amount of money in circulation and an important figure for monetarists who believe in managing the economy through interest rates and the money supply. various measures of money supply exist. the broadest measure, m4, is the sum of money held in notes and coins, the total amount lent by banks, to individuals, companies and other banks, and the total amount of money borrowed by the government.
- Количество различных денежных агрегатов, находя¬щихся в обращении.
- Денежная масса
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