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Probability histogram
| Glossary of Statistical Terms |
A probability histogram for a random variable is analogous to a histogram of data, but instead of plotting the area of the bins proportional to the relative frequency of observations in the class interval, one plots the area of the bins proportional to the probability that the random variable is in the class interval.
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Histogram, английский
- A histogram is a kind of plot that summarizes how data are distributed. starting with a set of class intervals, the histogram is a set of rectangles ("bins") sitting on the horizontal axis. the bases of the rectangles are the class intervals, and their heights are such that their areas are proportional to the fraction of observations in the corresponding class intervals. that is, the height of a given rectangle is the fraction of observations in the corresponding class interval, divided by the length of the corresponding class interval. a histogram does not need a vertical scale, because the total area of the histogram must equal 100%. the units of the vertical axis are percent per unit of the horizontal axis. this is called the density scale. the horizontal axis of a histogram needs a scale. if any observations coincide with the endpoints of class intervals, the endpoint convention is important. this page contains a histogram tool, with controls to highlight ranges of values and read their areas.
- “a graph of a frequency distribution in which the rectangles on the horizontal or x-axis are given widths proportional to the intervals of the quantities being displayed, and heights proportional to the frequency of occurrence of quantities within that interval.” [clsi]
- A bar graph analysis tool that can be used to identify contrast and dynamic range of an image. s are found in the more advanced digicams and software programs (graphic editors) used to manipulate digital images. the histogram shows a scale of 0 255 (left to right) with 0 being black and 255 being white.
- A visual representation of the exposure values of a digital image. histograms are most commonly illustrated in graph form by displaying the light values of the image`s shadows, midtones, and highlights as vertical peaks and valleys along a horizontal plane. when viewing a histogram, the shadows are represented on the left side of the graph, highlights on the right side, and midtones in the central portion of the graph. for more on this subject, see the explora article, “how to read your camera’s histogram.”
- A histogram is a bar graph analysis tool that is used to identify contrast and dynamic range of any image. histograms are found in the more advanced digi-cams and software programs (graphic editors), such as adobe photoshop 7, cs or elements, and are used to manipulate images. the histogram shows a scale of 0 – 255 (left to right) with 0 being black and 255 being white.
- A way of displaying frequency values as columns whose height is proportional to the corresponding frequency a histogram showing numbers of patients with the condition in each age group
- Гистограмма
- Гистограмма. графическое представление сгруппированных данных в форме столбцов, в котором ширина каждого столбца пропорциональна интервалу, определяющему класс, а площадь (или высота) столбца пропорциональна частоте встречаемости этого класса.
- Гистограмма, диаграмма [полигон] частот
- A chart consisting of horizontal or vertical bars, the widths or heights of which represent the values of numerical data.
- A graphic representation of the range of tones from dark to light in a photo.
- A bar graph showing frequency distribution
- A bar graph showing frequency distribution a bar graph that shows the upper and lower limits in a set of data home-country compensation
Histogram activation calls, английский
Гистограмма активирующих вызовов
Histogram symbols, английский
Символы гистограмм
Histogram., английский
A histogram is a kind of plot that summarizes how data are distributed. starting with a set of class intervals, the histogram is a set of rectangles ("bins") sitting on the horizontal axis. the bases of the rectangles are the class intervals, an
Probability, английский
- Probability can be generally defined as a measure of how likely some event will occur. the event could be an explosion, a lottery win or perhaps cancer induction. mathematically speaking, the value of probability varies between 0 and 1 where 0 means an ev
- Вероятность. возможность.
- The probability of an event is a number between zero and 100%. the meaning (interpretation) of probability is the subject of theories of probability, which differ in their interpretations. however, any rule for assigning probabilities to events has to satisfy the axioms of probability.
- Вероятность
- Вероятность probability sample, syn. random sample
- Вероятность. мера случайности появления конкретного события. например, вероятность случайного выбора из популяции человека с конкретным качеством соответствует доле людей в популяции, обладающих этим качеством.
- Вероятность; возможность
- Вероятность; обеспеченность (гидрологической величины) ~ of no-failure вероятность безотказной работы
- Probability is a method for representing uncertainty about propositions or events. it represents the uncertainty about a proposition on a scale from 0 to 1, with a 0 representing complete certainty that the proposition is false or an event will not occur and a value of one will represent the opposite. formally, a probability measure is one that follows kolmogorov`s axioms. there are two main schools of thought on the meaning of probability. frequentists take a narrow interpretation of probability allowing only hypothetically repeatable events or experiments as being quantifiable by probability, while bayesians take a broader interpretation that allows reasoning about "one-shot" events and propositions based on the current knowledge about nature. the bayesian interpretation is most commonly used in artificial intelligence, while the frequentist interpretation is most commonly taught in statistics courses. the label "bayesian" arises from the central role that the bayes theorem plays in this use of probability. it allows one to reason from effects to causes and encourages the use of probability measures to describe supposedly fixed events or propositions which frequentists disallow. the probability for these events reflects one`s state of knowledge about the event, rather than being an assertion that the unknown event can vary. for example, a bayesian would have no qualms about making statements about the probability that a given die, rolled and hidden from his sight is, for example, a six. a frequentist would be unable to make such a statement, preferring to talk about his confidence in the method when applied to a hypothetically large number of repeated experiments. in the end, they would act in similar ways. when the long run data are available, bayesians and frequentists end up with the same estimates. see also: bayes theorem, kolmogorov`s axioms.
- Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления неко-его события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относитель-ная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результа-тов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].
- The likelihood of something happening. for example, sale being made.
- Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления некоего события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относительная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результатов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].
- The relative likelihood of a particular outcome among all possible outcomes.
- Likelihood that an event may occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1.
Probability algorithm, английский
Вероятностный алгоритм probability-analysys compaction уплотнение (данных) на основе вероятностного анализа
Probability analysis, английский
Systematic procedure for describing and/or calculating the probability of a future event.
Probability and impact matrix, английский
A common way to determine whether a risk is considered low, moderate, or high by combining the two dimensions of a risk, its probability of occurrence, and its impact on objectives if it occurs.
Probability assessment, английский
The process of obtaining probabilities to represent a degree of uncertainty or of belief is referred to as probability assessment. if there are physical models or data, they can be used to estimate the values in a models. often, however, the probabilities need to be specified by an individual or group. there are a wide variety of techniques for evoking these probabilities, using some form of imagination of possible data, analogous reasoning, or estimation of "fair" betting odds. these can lead to sets of distributions for the probabilities and, hence, to quasi-bayesian models see also: bayesian network, quasi-bayesian theory.
Probability based disclosures (approximate or exact), английский
Sometimes although a fact is not disclosed with certainty, the published data can be used to make a statement that has a high probability of being correct.
Probability calculation, английский
Теория вероятностей; исчисление вероятностей
Probability calculus, английский
Исчисление вероятностей
Probability density, английский
Плотность вероятности
Probability density function, английский
- The chance that a continuous random variable is in any range of values can be calculated as the area under a curve over that range of values. the curve is the probability density function of the random variable. that is, if x is a continuous random variable, there is a function f(x) such that for every pair of numbers a≤b,
- For continuous variables, the probability distribution is defined over intervals or sets. the most common definition is via the cumulative probability distribution, or its derivative, the probability density function. see also: cumulative probability distribution.
- The function that describes the change of certain realizations for a continuous random variable.
Probability density function (pdf), английский
Probability density function., английский
The chance that a continuous random variable is in any range of values can be calculated as the area under a curve over that range of values. the curve is the probability density function of the random variable. that is, if x is a continuous random variab
Probability distribution, английский
- The probability distribution of a random variable specifies the chance that the variable takes a value in any subset of the real numbers. (the subsets have to satisfy some technical conditions that are not important for this course.) the probability distribution of a random variable is completely characterized by the cumulative probability distribution function; the terms sometimes are used synonymously. the probability distribution of a discrete random variable can be characterized by the chance that the random variable takes each of its possible values. for example, the probability distribution of the total number of spots s showing on the roll of two fair dice can be written as a table:
- Распределение вероятности
- A table or algorithm for associating a probability value with a state of a system. by convention, the values are all greater than or equal to zero, and their total for the entire system is one. for example, a probability distribution for a fair six-sided die would assign a value of 1/6 to each side. an arbitrary probability distribution would assign any set of six nonnegative numbers to the die, such that their total was one. when the states are indexed by a single variable or key, the distribution is usually referred to as a univariate distribution. when the states are indexed by multiple variables, it is referred to as a multivariate distribution. probability distributions are also characterized as being continuous, discrete, or mixed, depending on whether the variables that are associated with them are continuous, discrete, or mixed. examples would be age, gender, and age crossed with gender. note that age in years, months, weeks, or even days is truly discrete even though they are usually treated as being continuous. see also: multivariate probability distribution, probability, probability density function.
- Распределение вероятностей. распределение, пред-ставляющее вероятность появления некой величины x как функцию x или, в более общем виде, вероятность совместного появления множества случайных величин x1....xp как функцию их величин [23]. t-distribution
- Распределение вероятностей. см. distribution (распределение).
- Распределение вероятностей. распределение, представляющее вероятность появления некой величины x как функцию x или, в более общем виде, вероятность совместного появления множества случайных величин x1....xp как функцию их величин [23].
- A function that describes all the values a random variable can take and the probability associated with each. also called a probability function.
Probability distribution function, английский
Probability distribution., английский
The probability distribution of a random variable specifies the chance that the variable takes a value in any subset of the real numbers. (the subsets have to satisfy some technical conditions that are not important for this course.) the probability distr
Probability for error detection, ped, английский
A performance characteristic of a qc procedure that describes how often an analytical run will be rejected when results contain errors in addition to the inherent imprecision of the measurement procedure. ideally, ped should be 1.00 for errors that are medically significant. in practice, we generally aim for a ped of 0.90 when selecting and designing qc procedures.
Probability for false rejection, pfr, английский
A performance characteristic of a qc procedure that describes how often an analytical run will be rejected when there are no errors occurring, except for the inherent imprecision of the measurement procedure. ideally, pfr should be 0.00. in practice, we generally aim for a pfr of 0.05 or less.
Proportional, английский
- Член пропорции
- A пропорциональный analogy
- Пропорциональный
Observations, английский
Замечания эксперта (по существу заявки)
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Qualitative variable, английский
A qualitative variable is one whose values are adjectives, such as colors, genders, nationalities, etc. c.f. quantitative variable and categorical variable.
Premise, logical premise, английский
A premise is a proposition that is assumed to be true as part of a logical argument.
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