|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shiphandling
| Морской словарь |
Refers to managing the effects of controllable and uncontrollable forces on a ship while on the high seas or in constricted waters, and while docking, and mooring; always with due consideration of the laws governing heavy bodies in motion. the uncontrollable forces to be considered are winds, currents, seas, tides, and draft, while those that can be controlled are propellers, rudders, thrusters, mooring lines, anchors, and tugboats. modern shiphandling has had to adapt to substantial changes. the average size of vessel has vastly increased, but not all ports have been enlarged. until recently, the only large vessels were capital ships and passenger liners. being better manned and more powerfully engined than many modern monsters, they were safely handled with primitive communications and limited assistance. much of the former charm and likeable characteristics of those ships is now missing, ship 288 but every new floating object presents a challenge. large container ships with towering deck cargo cannot be treated the same way as small general cargo ships. huge car carriers, gigantic cruise ships, and mammoth tankers require special attention. colossal aircraft carriers demand meticulous handling. good shiphandling is a combination of art, science, and skill; with competency depending on thorough understanding of the physical principles involved, and sufficient experience at sea to be able to evaluate rapidly changing conditions. the proficient shiphandler must have both, plus inborn sensitivity and perception. today, unfortunately, the masters and officers of large merchantmen seldom have the opportunity or necessity of handling their own ships in confined waters. likewise, due to career tracking, many naval officers claim to be so overwhelmed by ever more complex technology that they have insufficient time to develop shiphandling skills. in consequence some warship captains, especially those promoted from a specialty, feel insecure docking on their own and rely on tugboats and pilots—assistance that might be unavailable at times of crisis.
|
|
Controllable, английский
Uncontrollable, английский
Нерегулируемый; неуправляемый
Constricted, английский
- Constricto/a
- A sound or track with poor reproduction of dynamics; overly compressed or pinched, with distortion at high levels.
Consideration, испанский
The cause, price, or impelling influence which makes a party enter into a contract
Controlled, английский
- Управляемый; регулируемый
- Управляемый
- Подконтрольный (о предприятиях)
Substantial, английский
Communications, английский
- Средства связи; связь 158
- Средства связи; связь
- [1] general: the transfer of information according to agreed conventions. [2] information technology; the representation, transfer, interpretation, and processing of data between and
- Связь; система связи; коммуникации; пути сообщения
Assistance, английский
- Help
- Помощь
- Aid or help: strongly enjoined to be given whenever a signal is made requiring it.
- Помощь; содействие
Characteristics, английский
- The distinguishing qualities of a navigation aid or buoy, including shape and color, whether fixed or flashing, and flashing sequence.
- A high-performance fiber with high chemical resistance that does not burn in air. it has no melting point and does not drip when exposed to flame. the fiber and fabrics from pbi retain their flexibility, dimensional stability, and significant strength without embrittlement even when exposed to flame or extreme heat. the fiber emits little smoke in extreme conditions. it processes well on conventional textile equipment, having processing characteristics similar to polyester. it can be used in 100% form or blended with other fibers. it has a high moisture regain and low modulus with comfort properties similar to cotton. the natural color of pbi is a gold-khaki shade, but it can be dyed to almost any medium to dark shade with conventional basic dyes.
- Acetate fabrics are in appearance fast-drying, wrinkle and shrinkage resistant, crisp or soft in hand depending upon the end use.
- Although modacrylics are similar to acrylics in properties and application, certain important differences exist. modacrylics have superior resistance to chemicals and combustion, but they are more heat sensitive (lower safe ironing temperature) and have a higher specific gravity (less cover).
- Although the properties of the nylons described above vary in some respects, they all exhibit excellent strength, flexibility, toughness, elasticity, abrasion resistance, washability, ease of drying, and resistance to attack by insects and microorganisms.
- Because acrylic fibers are thermoplastic, fabrics may be heat-set for wrinkle resistance and to provide permanency to pleats. acrylic fabrics have low moisture absorbency and dry relatively quickly. in general, acrylic fibers are resistant to the degrading effects of ultraviolet rays in sunlight and to a wide range of chemicals and fumes. they provide warmth in fabrics that are lightweight, soft, and resilient. acrylic fibers have relatively poor flame resistance compared with other fibers. some acrylic fabrics, particularly knit types, approximate the hand of fine wool. because of the composition and cross section of the fiber, fabrics made therefrom have a high bulk to weight ratio. this is further enhanced with the so-called “high bulk” spun yarns.
- Glass fiber is incombustible and will tolerate heat up to 1000°f without material damage. potential strength is not realized in woven fabrics or even in yarns, because the fiber is brittle and fracture points may develop, but nevertheless, very high tensile strength is obtained in woven fabrics, and is retained at elevated temperatures. the fiber originally was difficult to color but methods have been developed to accomplish this. moisture absorption is low. electrical and insulation resistance is high.
- Polychlal fibers have a soft, lamb’s wool-like hand and moderate moisture regain. the fibers are also characterized by high flame resistance and high abrasion resistance.
- Polyester fibers have high strength and are resistant to shrinking and stretching. fabrics are quick drying and tend to have wrinkle resistance and crease retention, wet and dry. polyester is used alone and in blends. it has been one of the first fibers to be developed in fabrics with durable-press features.
- Polyethylene fibers have a low specific gravity, extremely low moisture regain, the same tensile strength wet and dry, and are resistant to attack by mildew and insects. these qualities have made polyethylene fiber suitable for industrial applications, geotextiles, outdoor furniture, and similar applications. polyethylene fiber does not dye, and in most cases, it is colored by the addition of pigments and dyes to the material prior to spinning. it has a low melting point, a property that has restricted its use in apparel.
- Polypropylene fibers have a number of advantages over polyethylene fibers in the field of textile applications. the degree of crystallinity, 72 to 75%, results in a fiber that is strong and resilient, and does not fibrillate like high-density polyethylene. polypropylene has a high work of rupture, which indicates a tough fiber, and may be made with tenacities as high as 8.0 to 8.5 grams per denier. the melting point of polypropylene is 165°c, which is low by comparison with nylon or polyester, but is high enough to make it suitable for most textile applications. so light that it actually floats, polypropylene fiber provides greater coverage per pound than any other fiber. it is highly resistant to mechanical abuse and chemical attack.
- Rayon yarns are made in a wide range of types in regard to size, physical characteristics, strength, elongation, luster, handle, suppleness, etc. they may be white or solution dyed. strength is regulated by the process itself and the structure of the yarn. (also see polynosic fiber.) luster is reduced by including delustering materials, such as titanium dioxide pigments, in the fiber when it is extruded. the suppleness of the yarn is controlled by the number of filaments in the yarn, the denier or gauge of the individual filaments or fibers, and the fiber cross-section.
- Spandex is lighter in weight, more durable, and more supple than conventional elastic threads and has between two and three times their restraining power. spandex is extruded in a multiplicity of fine filaments which immediately form a monofilament. it can be repeatedly stretched over 500% without breaking and still recover instantly to its original length. it does not suffer deterioration from oxidation as is the case with fine sizes of rubber thread, and it is not damaged by body oils, perspiration, lotions, or detergents.
|
Shipload, английский
The quantity of goods and cargo that will bring a vessel to its appropriate load line.
Shipbreaking, английский
Dismantling and scrapping a vessel that is obsolete or unfit for service.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
