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Wholesale power market
| Глоссарий по экологии и "зеленой" энергетике |
- The purchase and sale of electricity from generators to resellers (who sell to retail customers and/or other resellers) along with the ancillary services needed to maintain reliability and power quality at the transmission level.
- Purchase of electricity from generators for the purpose of reselling it to others, who then sell to retail customers. also, the ancillary services needed to maintain reliability and power quality at the transmission level. see wholesale energy competition.
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Оптовый рынок электроэнергии, русский
Покупка электроэнергии от генерирующих компаний с целью перепродажи ее другим компаниям, которые затем перепродадут ее конечным потребителям. кроме того, сопутствующие услуги, необходимые для поддержания надежности и качества при передаче электроэнергии по магистральным сетям. см. конкуренция на оптовом рынке электроэнергии.
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Electricity, английский
- Электричество
- Energy resulting from the flow of charge particles, such as electrons or ions.
- The movement of electrons (a subatomic particle), produced by a voltage, through a conductor.
- Energy resulting from the flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions.
- The fl ow of passing charge through a conductor, driven by a difference in voltage between the ends of the conductor. electrical power is generated by work from heat in a gas or steam turbine or from wind, oceans or falling water, or produced directly from sunlight using a photovoltaic device or chemically in a fuel cell. being a current, electricity cannot be stored and requires wires and cables for its transmission (see grid). because electric current fl ows immediately, the demand for electricity must be matched by production in real time.
Reliability, английский
- Надежность
- Engineering, analysis and planning планирование и технический анализ надежности
- Достоверность
- Достоверность; надежность
- Надёжность, безотказность (в эксплуатации)
- Надежность. степень, с которой эксперимент, испытание или методика измерений дают точные результаты в повторяющихся испытаниях [36].
- Electric system reliability has two components
- Generally, invulnerability to potentially corrupting influences. specifically
- The likelihood of a computer system or device continuing to function over a given period of time and under specified conditions.
- Reliability has two components: adequacy and security. the former involves ensuring that supply is available to meet demand at dispersed points of consumption. in network industries, storage can be costly-requiring adequate capacity to transportservices (electricity or telecommunications signals) to final consumers. security is characterized by the system’s ability to withstand sudden, unanticipated disturbances, as when a transmission line suddenly becomes unavailable or particular links or production nodes are disrupted.
- In general: reliability is the degree of performance according to imposed standards or expectations. electrical reliability is the absence of unplanned interruptions of the current by, for example, shortage of supply capacity or by failures in parts of the grid. reliability differs from security and from fl uctuations in power quality due to impulses or harmonics. renewable energy – see energy
- "the ability of an item to perform a required function under given conditions for a given time interval.
- A measure of how trustworthy a test is.
- Being dependable or consistent
- Being dependable or consistent having the same results after many tests
Transmission, английский
- Passage of electromagnetic radiation through a medium.
- Transmisión
- The property in a merchantman, or a share therein, transmitted in
- Передача; привод; коробка передач; трансмиссия; прохождение; распространение ~ of loads передача нагрузок
- The transport of high voltage electricity. this is achieved with a transmission network (or grid). generally the network will connect large generators to lower voltage distribution networks where it will be transported to the majority of electricity consumers. alternatively, large scale electricity users may connect directly to the transmission network. management of transmission is a natural monopoly due to the economies of scale inherent to it. transmission system operator (tso) (also transmission network operator-
- The sending of information over a communications line or a circuit.
- The transportation of electric energy in bulk from a source or sources of supply to other systems or parts of a single system.
- Transfer of pathogens from one host to another
Competition, английский
- Struggle among trees and other vegetation, generally for limited nutrients, light, and water present on a site. competition can cause reduced tree growth. severe competition in very dense stands may cause stand stagnation (17).
- Конкуренция в реальной экономике всевозможные сочетания таких факторов, как человеческая изобретательность, высокие таможенные барьеры по отношению к продукции тех или иных отраслей, рост эффективности производства ввиду его крупных масштабов и пр мешают развернуться настоящей конкуренции правительства многих стран признают этот факт и стремятся поддержать конкуренцию посредством антимонопольных законов и политических мер
- Соревнование
- Конкуренция
- Interaction between members of the same population or of two or more populations to obtain a resource that both require and which is available in limited supply, hence, limiting overall fitness (survival, growth, reproduction of an organism). asymmetrical c.: competition between two organisms (or species) in which one is much more severely affected than the other (principle of displacement of the weaker by the stronger organism). exclusion c.: the elimination from an area or habitat of one species by another through interspecific competition. exploitation c.: competition in which any adverse effects on an organism are brought about by reductions in resource levels caused by other competing organisms (on a first come first serve basis). interference c.: competition between two organisms in which one physically excludes the other from a portion of a habitat and hence from the resources that could be exploited there. interspecific c.: competition between individuals for the same limited resources by different species - (exclusion principle of gausse) competing species relying on the same ecological resources cannot exist together. intraspecific c.: competition between individuals for the same limited resources by the same species. symmetrical c.: (see asymmetrical competition).
- Businesses that sell similar products or services and compete for the same customer segment.
- Intra- or intermarket rivalry between or among businesses trying to obtain a larger piece of the same market share.
- Competition tends to come in two varieties: competition among the few (a market with a small number of sellers or buyers, such that each can exercise some degree of market power) and competition among the many (perfect competition - a market with so many buyers and sellers that none is able to influence the market price or quantity exchanged).
- There are two types of competition:
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Minnesota public utilities commission (commission or puc), английский
The state agency with regulatory jurisdiction over certain minnesota utilities.
Long range planning, английский
The process of forecasting long term loads, determining a reasonable set of potential resources to meet these loads (including reduction of loads through energy efficiency), analyzing the costs (sometimes including externality costs) of several possible mixes of such resources, and identifying the resources to be secured to meet such future needs.
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