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Solipsism
| Глоссарий по кибернетике |
The theory that locates reality entirely in the mind of the beholder. it specifically denies the existence of involuntary experiences with an outside world be it through direct perception of something or through vicarious experiences created in the process of communication. for contrast see epistemology and constructivism in 71 cybernetics.
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Involuntary, английский
Perception, английский
- Percepción
- An impression formed in the brain as a result of information about the outside world which is passed back by the senses
- Восприятие
- N когн. восприятие sound ~ восприятие звука speech ~ восприятие речи underlying structure of auditory-visual smth. ~ by smb. механизм восприятия чего-л. кем-л.
- Alternatively, (1) an observer`s awareness or appreciation of objects, processes or situations in his environment mediated through his sensory organs, and (2) an observer`s descriptions, hypotheses or constructs of the world of which he becomes thereby a part.
- The process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting and organizing relevant information from our senses.
Communication, английский
- Связь; связной
- (кан.) решение экспертизы
- N коммуни- кация; процесс передачи информации; mis~ недопонимание, непонимание | attr. комму- никативный disorder, impairment, strategy cross-cultural (intercultural) ~ межкультурная коммуникация non-verbal ~ невербальная, неречевая комму- никация verbal ~ вербальная, речевая коммуникация
- Передача (распространение) информации процесс информирования населения.
- Corresponding by letter, hail, or signal. (see line of communication and boyaux.)
- Loosely, the transmission of structure across systems differentiated in time and in space, the process by which one mind affects another, interaction mediated by signals, symbols or messages. more formally and in cybernetics, communication is that construct an observer requires when he cannot take a dynamic system apart without loss (->ana~ysis), yet wants to distinguish, understand and say something about that system`s parts, variables or members, or alternatively, when he wants to explain the behavior of anyone of its parts yet cannot accomplish this adequately without reference to other parts of the system. communication ~s what integrates and distinguishes the participation of individuals in such wholes as groups, communities, societies. a more detailed analysis of communication processes reveals that they involve patterns that convey information, are subjected to numerous constraints and are describable in terms of transformations, including encoding, decoding, (->coding), transmission, and distortions due to the characteristics of a channel. historically, communication. was thought of as a binary relation between a sender and a receiver. modern conceptions of communication include complex networks possibly with feedback loops having the effect of memory, coordination, and coorientation and exhibiting dynamic properties not manifest in, and explainable by, reference to the properties of the.communicators involved (->constructivism). communications (plural
Epistemology, английский
- N эпистемология3
- A branch of philosophy concerned with how an observer may know, not with what he may know thereby. the latter is the concern of ontology. epistemology seeks to understand the origin, proceses and limitations of observation including such operations as drawing distinctions, establishing relations, creating constructs and all consequences for knowledge resulting from communication between an observer and the observed and within a community of observers who may observe each other. the epistemology of a theory considers the observer and the observed as parts of the same system and theory as an emergent property of the interaction process. epistemology asks not "what is," or "what can we know" but "how do we come to know."
Constructivism, английский
- In mathematics, the rejection of the proof of propositions and objects by reductio ~ absurdum (i.e., by the demonstration that its negation would lead to contradictions) and instead the acceptance of the condition that objects be constructable from known elements by a finite number of explicit procedures, e.g., by an algorithm. one consequence of this is the denial of the universal validity of the law of the excluded middle and the position of a third truth-value for classes of objects that are not so constructable
- Act always so as tq increase the number of choices (v.foerster). 29
Cybernetics, английский
- Кибернетика
- N кибернетика cycle n цикл transformational ~ трансформационный цикл cyclop(a)edia
- A term, coined by norman weiner, used to signify the study of control mechanisms in machines and biological organisms. it is derived from the greek word for steersman. its latin equivalent gave rise to such terms as governor and government.
- The term derives from the greek word for steersman. initially, the science of control and communication in the animal and the machine (wiener). before this modern definition, the science of government (ampere). now an interdisciplinary approach to organization, irrespective of a system`s material realization. whereas general systems theory is committed to holism on the one side and to an effort to generalize structural, behavioral and developmental features of living organisms on the other side, cybernetics is committed to an epistemological perspective that views material wholes as analysable without loss, in terms of a set of components plus their organization (->epistemolgy, ->analysis, ->system). organization accounts for how the components of such a system interact with one another, and how this interaction determines and changes its structure. it explains the difference between parts and wholes and is described without reference to their material forms. the disinterest of cybernetics in material implications separates it from all sciences that designate their empirical domain by subject matters such ~s physics, biology, sociology, engineering and general systems theory. its epistemological focus on organization, pattern and communication has generated methodologies, (->methodology) a logic, laws, theories and insights that are unique to cybernetics and have wideranging implications in other fields of inquiry. in cybernetics, theories tend to rest on four basic pillars
Cybernetic, английский
Кибернетический
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Socialization, английский
A mutually adaptive process (->adaptation) which is realized (->realizatiion) in interaction among members of a social group and results in the elimination of individual behaviors of which the group collectively disapproves. (not to be confused with internalization which effects conformity through symbolic means).
State determiner, английский
An attribute of systems whose behavior is specified, can be predicted or understood, from the state it occupies currently. in contrast to history determined systems, state determined systems can be described in terms of transitions from states at one point in time to states at the next point in time, e.g., as first-order markov chains. looking further back into the history of such a system does not add to understanding or predictability.
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