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Morphostasis
| Глоссарий по кибернетике |
The process of retaining a structure, organization or form. morphostasis may be actively pursued as in the goal of perfect adaptation or simply characterize a state of structural stability. e.g., in sociology, "efforts to retain the status quo" refers to morphostatic forces which admit only those changes that do not threaten existing structures. similarly, in the regulation of room temperature, the wiring of a thermostat with the furnace remains unaltered while interaction achieves a correlation of heating efforts and external temperature fluctuations (->morphogenesis, ->homeostasis).
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Organization, английский
- Организация
- N организация lexical ~ лексическая организация orientational a ориентационный metaphor
- Европейская организация производства товарного бетона
- Организация ~ of safety обеспечение безопасности (на производстве); меры по технике безопасности ~ of work организация работ
- Has at least three meanings (1) the act of arranging components to form a pattern different from what would occur by chance, by some criterion or better than it was before (->coordination) e.g., conducting a political campaign; (2) a complex complementary conditionality in behavior or in the coexistence of physical or living components (ashby) as in an ecological system or in such social organizations as a family, a university or a government agency being constituted by its members through conventional rules of conduct, legally recognized and interacted with by observers or by other social organizations; (3) the relations, and processes of communication, including coordination and coorientation among the components or variables of a system that (a) determine the dynamics of interaction and transformations it may undergo in a physical space and (b) constitute (->constitution) its unity whether only for an observer (->allopoiesis) or also for itself (->autopoiesis). in this third and largely cybernetic meaning, the properties of the components that realize a system as a concrete physical entity do not enter the description of that system`s organization. it follows that machines, organisms and social forms of vastly different materiality and components may have the same organization. accordingly, a whole system 56 may be explained in terms of the properties of its components and its organization (->analysis). the use to which a particular system may be put or who created it in the first place is not a feature of its organization. a theory of design (including engineering), management and of (concrete) organizational behavior is concerned with (1). a theory of organizations concerns (2) and attempts to provide generalizations about how cells, or organisms interact or how and why people work together and form larger unities (->general systems theory). cybernetics is concerned and has in fact been considered coextensive with an organization theory which concerns (3) and attempts to provide theories of or a logic for how unities and whole systems can arise or be maintained through the forms of communication (and more complex kinds of interactions and interdependencies) among components without reference to their materiality. the theory of modelling is a direct outgrowth of this organization concept. like cybernetics generally, an organization theory is not disturbed by the possibility that some organizations may not be realized by man or by nature but it will be informed by the finding that they cannot exist (ashby).
- A work structure that divides the responsibility for economic resources and processes.
- The top level of a business hierarchy.
Adaptation, английский
- Адаптация; самонастройка; самоприспосабливание
- Адаптация (приспособление организма к изменившимся условиям среды, питательным и токсичным веществам)
- 1. a change which has been or can be made to something 2. the act of changing something so that it fits a new situation 3. the process by which sensory receptors become accustomed to a sensation which is repeated add add abbr attention deficit disorder
- Адаптация
- N адаптация14 (тж. adaption, см. тж. adoption) theory
- Адаптация; приспособление
- 1) characteristics of organisms evolved as a consequence of natural selection; 2) changes in the form or behavior of an organism during life as a response to environmental stimuli; 3) changes in the excitability of a sense organ as a result of continuos stimulation.
- Stability of success in the face of a changing environment. two kinds of adaptation are distinguished. (a) darwinian adaptation after darwin who observed how organisms change their internal structure when their environment makes existing forms no longer viable. e.g., ashby`s homeostat searches for a new pattern of behavior as soon as disturbances in its surroundings drive or threaten to drive its essential variables outside specified limits. (b) singerian adaptation after singer who described how organisms, particularly man, change the nature of their environment so as to eliminate threats to or prevent the destruction of their own internal organization. e.g., agriculture, architecture and technology adapt the physical environment to human-social needs. the difference between "adaptive" and "adapting" behavior (steg) also reflects this distinction. adaptation can occur in several levels of an organiz~tional hierarchy and may even apply to itself as in "amplifying adaptation" (ashby) which is "adaptation to adapt" and has the properties of self-organization.
- Initiatives and measures to reduce the vulnerability or increase the resilience of natural and human systems to actual or expected climate change impacts. various types of adaptation exist, for example, anticipatory and reactive, private and public, and autonomous and planned. examples are raising river or coastal dikes, retreating from coastal areas subject to fl ooding from sea level rise or introducing alternative temperature-appropriate or drought-adapted crops for conventional ones.
Characterize, английский
Structural, английский
- Структурный; конструктивный
- Said of a load-bearing member, element, etc., of a building.
- A структурный analysis, class, description, linguistics, metaphor, order, phonologist, phonology, series, signal, system
Regulation, английский
- A rule or order prescribed for management or government
- Регулирование
- Регулирование, правило, постановление
- Any rule prescribing permitted or forbidden conduct, whether established by legislation or the action of an administrative agency; also
- The act of regulating the regulation of the body’s temperature
- Any systematic (rule-like or determinate) behavior of one part of a system that tends to restrict the fluctuations in behavior of another part of that system. while both parts must lie in the same feedback loop, regulation involves this basic asymmetry
- The process whereby the designated government authority provides oversight and establishes rules for firms in an industry. regulation places constraints on behavior, establishes good (or bad) incentives, and addresses issues that are politically contentious. decisions are implemented through a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law.
- Норма
- A rule or order issued by governmental executive authorities or regulatory agencies and having the force of law. regulations implement policies and are mostly specifi c for particular groups of people, legal entities or targeted activities. regulation is also the act of designing and imposing rules or orders. informational, transactional, administrative and political constraints in practice limit the regulator’s capability for implementing preferred policies.
- The order in which trains are run in practice so as to minimise delay
Temperature, английский
- Température
- Dry-bulb - temperature of air as indicated by a standard thermometer.
- An expression of thermal energy density. how hot or cold an object is.
- The measure of the intensity of heat that a substance possesses.
- Температура
- Температура тмр test methods and procedures методы проведения испытаний и последовательность их проведения тмр theodolite measuring point кинотеодолитная станция
- Temperatura, fiebre
- The condition attained when the wetted wick of a wet-bulb thermometer has reached a stable and constant temperature when exposed to moving air in excess of 900 ft (274.3 m) per minute.
- 1. the heat of the body or of the surrounding air, measured in degrees the doctor asked the nurse what the patient’s temperature was. his temperature was slightly above normal. the thermometer showed a temperature of 99°f. to take a patient’s temperature to insert a thermometer in someone’s body to see what his or her body temperature is they took his temperature every four hours. when her temperature was taken this morning, it was normal. 2. illness when your body is hotter than normal he’s in bed with a temperature. her mother says she’s got a temperature, and can’t come to work. comment: the average body temperature is about 37° celsius or 98° fahrenheit. this temperature may vary during the day, and can rise if a person has taken a hot bath or had a hot drink. if the environmental temperature is high, the body has to sweat to reduce the heat gained from the air around it. if the outside temperature is low, the body shivers, because rapid movement of the muscles generates heat. a fever will cause the body temperature to rise sharply, to 40°c (103°f) or more. hypothermia exists when the body temperature falls below about 35°c (95°f).
- Повышение температуры бетона ~ of truss высота фермы jet ~ высота подъёма горизонтальной неизотермической приточной струи, «всплывающей» над приточным отверстием
- Температура ~ of adiabatic saturation температура адиабатического насыщения
- Normal adult temperature varies among horses, but will usually range in degrees from 99.5°f to 100.5°f.
- A measure of the average kinetic energy of a material. the standard unit of temperature is a kelvin, (k). temperature determines the direction of heat flow between any two systems in thermal contact. heat will always flow from the area of higher temperature (t source) to one of lower temperature (t sink). temperature gradient (?t)
- A measure of the degree of molecular motion of a material compared to a reference point. temperature is measured in degrees farenheit (melting point of ice = 32 º f, boiling point of water = 212 º f) or degrees celsius (melting point of ice = 0 º c, boiling point of water = 100 º c).
- The degree of sensible heat of a body as measured by a thermometer or similar instrument.
- Measure of the intensity of particle motion in degrees celsius (°c) or degrees fahrenheit (°f) or, in the absolute scale, kelvin (k), where the increment of 1 k = 1 °c = 1.8 °f.
- Temperature of surrounding atmosphere. also called dry bulb temperature. compare standard atmospheric conditions. ampere (a): si unit of electric current. ampere per meter (a·m–1): si derived unit of magnetic field intensity. the measurement 1 a·m–1, for example, describes a current of 1 a flowing through a coil that is 1 m in diameter. compare oersted. ampere turn (at): in magnetic particle testing, unit for expressing the magnetomotive force required for magnetization using a coil in terms of the product of the number of coil turns and the current in amperes flowing through the coil. amplitude, echo: in ultrasonic testing, the vertical height of a received signal on an a-scan, measured from base to peak for a video presentation or from peak to peak for a radio frequency presentation.
- Measure of the intensity of particle motion in degrees celsius (°c), degrees fahrenheit (°f) or, in the absolute scale, kelvin (k) or degrees rankine (°r). an increment of 1 k = 1 °c = 1.8 °r = 1.8 °f. compare heat.
Thermostat, английский
- A device used to switch electrical current at a selectable set-point temperature.
- A device which relegates the temperature of a room or building by switching heating or cooling equipment on or off.
- A temperature control device, typically found on a wall inside that consists of a series of sensors and relays that monitor and control the functions of a heating and cooling system.
- A temperature control device, typically found on an inside wall, that consists of a series of sensors and relays for monitoring and controlling a heating and c
- In a gas or electric water heater, the thermostat constantly monitors water temperature in the bottom of the tank. when water temperature drops beneath the desired setting, the thermostat signals gas flow or electric heating element operation to begin, st
- Safety device that generates a small electrical current used to energize a safety magnet inside the gas valve.
- A temperature-measuring device used to control the operation of home comfort systems to maintain a comfortable temperature within the house. programmable thermostats allow you to program different temperatures for different times of the day.
- A device which automatically maintains a predetermined temperature in an electric water heater. most thermostats are equipped with a safety shut-off.
- Термостат
- An instrument which responds to changes in temperature, and directly or indirectly controls temperature.
- Термостат thiomersal, syn. ethyl mercury
- A component that helps regulate engine temperature by controlling the speed at which coolant circulates through the engine.
Interaction, английский
- An effect which two or more substances such as drugs have on each other
- Взаимодействие
- N взаимодействие; talk-in-~ речь-во-взаимодействии level intercepted a прерванный intercultural a межкультурный (син. crosscultural) communication, relation
- Взаимодействие inter-agency coordinating committee (icc)
- Взаимодействие. см. drug interaction.
- Взаимодействие; взаимосвязь; интеракция; обмен информацией
- A pattern or sequence of message exchanges that accomplishes a purpose, such as performing an operation. objects in a collaboration interact by exchanging messages. messages can be signals or calls and can include conditions and time events.
- The direct manipulation (e.g. a gesture and inertia) of an element.
- Language use to maintain social relationships rather than achieve ends.
Correlation, английский
- A measure of linear association between two (ordered) lists. two variables can be strongly correlated without having any causal relationship, and two variables can have a causal relationship and yet be uncorrelated.
- Соотношение; корреляция
- N корреляция, соответ- ствие regular ~s закономерные соответствия
- Корреляция
- Correlation is a statistical measure of the association between two attributes or types of events. it typically ranges from -1 to 1, with a -1 indicating a complete negative association (e.g., if one type of event occurs the other cannot), and a +1 indicating a complete posipage 66 tive association. for continuous attributes, the pearson correlation coefficient is computed as the ratio of the covariance between two attributes to the product of the attributes` standard errors. see also: covariance.
- To correlate, in a stratigraphic sense, is to show correspondence in character and in stratigraphic position between geographically separated stratigraphic sections or rock bodies. there are different kinds of correlation depending on the feature or property to be emphasized (see section 3.a.9 and lithocorrelation, biocorrelation, and chronocorrelation). coset. a sedimentary unit made up o f two or more sets, either o f strata or o f cross-strata, separated from other strata or cross-strata by original flat surfaces o f erosion, nondeposition, or abrupt change in character (mckee and weir, 1953, p. 384).
- Creating relationships between an email activity and other records by using the information from email headers.
- Statistical measure of the degree to which the movements of two variables (stock/option/convertible prices or returns) are related. see: correlation coefficient.
- The extent to which a relationship exists between two or more elements. often used in seo research to infer relationships of variables on search rankings due to the black box nature of algorithms. always remember, however, that correlation ≠ causation.
- A standardised measure, bounded between −1 and +1, of the strength of association between two variables.
Fluctuations, английский
Колебания
Morphogenesis, английский
A process of creating new organizational forms. in response to changing environmental conditions morphogenesis may be adaptive (->adaptation). as a consequence of positive feedback among physical variables, morphognesis may be destructive like the crack in a rock that lets water in, then roots, and ultimately breaks the rock into pieces. morphogenesis may be radical by the realization of inventions of entirely new ideas about institutions or technologies, or it may be gradual by elaborating (refining and adding on to) existing structures (->growth, ->development, ->organization, ->morphostasis).
Homeostasis, английский
- The process by which the functions and chemistry of a cell or internal organ are kept stable, even when external conditions vary greatly
- A process of interaction or mechanism which balances various influences and effects such that a stable state or a stable behavior is maintained. often that stable state or that stable behavior is essential to assume structural stability (->morphostasis) of a system. e.g., the size of the pupil of the human eye is negatively correlated with the intensity of light entering the retina thus keeping the amount of light within the limits of optimal processing of visual information. too much light will destroy the light sensitive cones of the retina. the blood sugar content and many other chemical quantities are similarly balanced within the human body (see cannon`s wisdom q( ~ ~). stable homestatic states or behaviors need not have this purposive interpretation, however. the "balance of power" idea in international politics denotes a homeostatic mechanism whose outcome presumably neither country desires by itself. in families, homeostasis may become pathological (->pathology) when family members no longer prefer that state yet cannot escape it as a consequene of the way they interact with one another (e.g., double bind). during family therapy, a non-pathological homeostasis maybe aquired after therapist induced morphogenesis or through self-organization. homestasis concerns states or behaviors whereas morphogenesis concerns structure and organization.
- The physiological capacity of an organism to regulate itself by rapidly restoring internal conditions following a sudden perturbation in the external environment.
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Morphogenesis, английский
A process of creating new organizational forms. in response to changing environmental conditions morphogenesis may be adaptive (->adaptation). as a consequence of positive feedback among physical variables, morphognesis may be destructive like the crack in a rock that lets water in, then roots, and ultimately breaks the rock into pieces. morphogenesis may be radical by the realization of inventions of entirely new ideas about institutions or technologies, or it may be gradual by elaborating (refining and adding on to) existing structures (->growth, ->development, ->organization, ->morphostasis).
Mqoel, английский
A system that stands for or represents another typically more comprehensive system. a model consists of a set of objects, described in terms of variables and relations defined on these and either (a) embodies a theory of that portion of reality which it claims to represent or (b) corresponds to a portion of reality by virtue of an explicit homomorhism or isomorphism between the model`s parameters and given data. four kinds of models are distinguished
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