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General systems theory

Глоссарий по кибернетике
    A scientific effort to identify structural, behavioral and developmental features common to particular classes of living organisms. one "approach is to look over the empirical universe and pick out certain general phenomena which are found in many different diciplines, and to seek to build up general theoretical models relevant to these phenomena," e.g., growth, homeostasis, evolution. the other "approach is to arrange the empirical fields in a hierarchy of complexity of organization of their basic `individual` or unit of behavior, and to try to develop a level of abstraction appropriate to each" (boulding). examples are the generalizations the levels of cells, simple organs, open self-maintaining organisms, small groups of organisms, society and the universe. the latter approach implies a hierarchical "systems of systems" view of the world quite alien to that of cybernetics. because of its roots in biology whose forms tend to have long evolutionary histories and are somewhat more stable organizationally, structurally integrated, and centrally controlled by dna, among many other properties, general systems theory like the structural-functional school of sociology, has been recognized as favouring to favor the status quo when applied to social phenomena which are largely the product of structural changes, technical innovations and information growth (->morphostasis, ->morphogenesis). 33




Scientific, английский
  1. Computer, incorporated фирма «сайентифик компьютер ин- корпорейтед» _sci ship-controlled intercept перехват при наведении с корабля

  2. A научный


Structural, английский
  1. Структурный; конструктивный

  2. Said of a load-bearing member, element, etc., of a building.

  3. A структурный analysis, class, description, linguistics, metaphor, order, phonologist, phonology, series, signal, system


Behavioral, английский
  1. Характеризующий поведение

  2. A амер., псхл. поведен- ческий flexibility, repertoire

  3. Поведенческий


Developmental, английский
  1. Связанный с ростом, развитием

  2. A относящийся к развитию disorder, error, psycholinguistics deviance n неправильность, аномальность, от- клонение от нормы (тж. deviation)


Particular, английский
    A частный; конкретный grammar partitioned a разделённый на части sequence 1 одна из базовых операций компьютерной обработки текстов; в каче- стве данных берутся текст либо сегмент текста, грамматика и цель разбора, а на выходе получается удовлетворяющее цели множество значений категориальной отнесённости сегментов в виде, например, дерева разбора. 2 применяется запоминание также и гипотез, выдвигаемых при разбо- ре, и результатов их проверки – м. кэй. 3 используется, в частности, для разбора арифметических выражений. partitioning n членение sentence ~ членение предложений (напр., при переводе )


Theoretical, английский
  1. Теоретический

  2. Теоретический theor/y теория; учение; принцип; гипотеза ~ of buckling теория продольного изгиба ~ of elasticity теория упругости ~ of elastic stability теория устойчивости упругих систем ~ies of failure теории [гипотезы] прочности ~ of plastic behavior теория пластичности ~ of plasticity теория пластичности ~ of plates теория тонких пластин ~ of shallow shells теория пологих оболочек ~ of shells теория оболочек ~ of stability теория устойчивости ~ of structures теория сооружений, строительная механика ~ of thin shells теория тонких оболочек ~ of torsion теория кручения


Homeostasis, английский
  1. The process by which the functions and chemistry of a cell or internal organ are kept stable, even when external conditions vary greatly

  2. A process of interaction or mechanism which balances various influences and effects such that a stable state or a stable behavior is maintained. often that stable state or that stable behavior is essential to assume structural stability (->morphostasis) of a system. e.g., the size of the pupil of the human eye is negatively correlated with the intensity of light entering the retina thus keeping the amount of light within the limits of optimal processing of visual information. too much light will destroy the light sensitive cones of the retina. the blood sugar content and many other chemical quantities are similarly balanced within the human body (see cannon`s wisdom q( ~ ~). stable homestatic states or behaviors need not have this purposive interpretation, however. the "balance of power" idea in international politics denotes a homeostatic mechanism whose outcome presumably neither country desires by itself. in families, homeostasis may become pathological (->pathology) when family members no longer prefer that state yet cannot escape it as a consequene of the way they interact with one another (e.g., double bind). during family therapy, a non-pathological homeostasis maybe aquired after therapist induced morphogenesis or through self-organization. homestasis concerns states or behaviors whereas morphogenesis concerns structure and organization.

  3. The physiological capacity of an organism to regulate itself by rapidly restoring internal conditions following a sudden perturbation in the external environment.


Complexity, английский
  1. Сложность

  2. Сложность; уровень сложности; комплексность

  3. Что-либо сложное


Organization, английский
  1. Организация

  2. N организация lexical ~ лексическая организация orientational a ориентационный metaphor

  3. Европейская организация производства товарного бетона

  4. Организация ~ of safety обеспечение безопасности (на производстве); меры по технике безопасности ~ of work организация работ

  5. Has at least three meanings (1) the act of arranging components to form a pattern different from what would occur by chance, by some criterion or better than it was before (->coordination) e.g., conducting a political campaign; (2) a complex complementary conditionality in behavior or in the coexistence of physical or living components (ashby) as in an ecological system or in such social organizations as a family, a university or a government agency being constituted by its members through conventional rules of conduct, legally recognized and interacted with by observers or by other social organizations; (3) the relations, and processes of communication, including coordination and coorientation among the components or variables of a system that (a) determine the dynamics of interaction and transformations it may undergo in a physical space and (b) constitute (->constitution) its unity whether only for an observer (->allopoiesis) or also for itself (->autopoiesis). in this third and largely cybernetic meaning, the properties of the components that realize a system as a concrete physical entity do not enter the description of that system`s organization. it follows that machines, organisms and social forms of vastly different materiality and components may have the same organization. accordingly, a whole system 56 may be explained in terms of the properties of its components and its organization (->analysis). the use to which a particular system may be put or who created it in the first place is not a feature of its organization. a theory of design (including engineering), management and of (concrete) organizational behavior is concerned with (1). a theory of organizations concerns (2) and attempts to provide generalizations about how cells, or organisms interact or how and why people work together and form larger unities (->general systems theory). cybernetics is concerned and has in fact been considered coextensive with an organization theory which concerns (3) and attempts to provide theories of or a logic for how unities and whole systems can arise or be maintained through the forms of communication (and more complex kinds of interactions and interdependencies) among components without reference to their materiality. the theory of modelling is a direct outgrowth of this organization concept. like cybernetics generally, an organization theory is not disturbed by the possibility that some organizations may not be realized by man or by nature but it will be informed by the finding that they cannot exist (ashby).

  6. A work structure that divides the responsibility for economic resources and processes.

  7. The top level of a business hierarchy.


Individual, английский
    Физическое лицо


Abstraction, английский
  1. Абстракция

  2. Потери атмосферных осадков (на задержание, испарение, просачивание и накопление)

  3. Removing detail of something to focus on a subset of the features without confusing details.


Appropriate, английский
    Подходящий; соответствующий


Hierarchical, английский
  1. A иерархический structure

  2. Иерархический


Cybernetics, английский
  1. Кибернетика

  2. N кибернетика cycle n цикл transformational ~ трансформационный цикл cyclop(a)edia

  3. A term, coined by norman weiner, used to signify the study of control mechanisms in machines and biological organisms. it is derived from the greek word for steersman. its latin equivalent gave rise to such terms as governor and government.

  4. The term derives from the greek word for steersman. initially, the science of control and communication in the animal and the machine (wiener). before this modern definition, the science of government (ampere). now an interdisciplinary approach to organization, irrespective of a system`s material realization. whereas general systems theory is committed to holism on the one side and to an effort to generalize structural, behavioral and developmental features of living organisms on the other side, cybernetics is committed to an epistemological perspective that views material wholes as analysable without loss, in terms of a set of components plus their organization (->epistemolgy, ->analysis, ->system). organization accounts for how the components of such a system interact with one another, and how this interaction determines and changes its structure. it explains the difference between parts and wholes and is described without reference to their material forms. the disinterest of cybernetics in material implications separates it from all sciences that designate their empirical domain by subject matters such ~s physics, biology, sociology, engineering and general systems theory. its epistemological focus on organization, pattern and communication has generated methodologies, (->methodology) a logic, laws, theories and insights that are unique to cybernetics and have wideranging implications in other fields of inquiry. in cybernetics, theories tend to rest on four basic pillars


Excluded middle, английский
    ->law of the excluded middle


Generatiye, английский
    Attribute of a system capable of listing the descriptions of each of a certain set of alternatives. in linguistics, a generative grammar embodies a finite number of transformation rules for constructing a potentially infinite number of sentences of a language and lists potentially all and only the grammatical sentences of that language. in cybernetics, a generative model generates (exhibits or enumerates) hypothetical data that either match or approximate within acceptable limits those in fact observed on the system modelled. the use of such generative devices is constructivism`s alternative to testing verbal hypotheses and theories with available data.