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Apprentice
| Англо-грузинский словарь |
- A beginner who learns a trade or a craft from an experienced master.
- One who is covenanted to serve another on condition of being instructed in an art, and ships` apprentices are to the same effect. boys under eighteen years of age bound to masters of merchant ships were exempted from impressment for three years from the date of their indentures; which documents were in duplicate, and exempt from stamp duty.
- Ученик (изучающий ремесло)
- A person learning a skill, trade or profession
- A person learning a skill, trade or profession a person learning a trade or skill from a qualified person for a specific length of time
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შეგირდი, грузинский
Sartilza, итальянский
Tailoress, английский
Практикант, русский
Ученик, русский
Ученик, воспитанник, питомец, учащийся, студент, школьник (абитуриент; гимназист, кадет, лицеист, академист, лесник, естественник, математик и проч.; ученица, воспитанница, питомка, гимназистка, институтка, курсистка, студентка); последователь, подражател
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Experienced, английский
Impressment, английский
- The act of seizing by force.
- The system and act of pressing seamen, and compelling them—under plea of state necessity—to serve in our men-of-war.
- To force an individual into naval, military, or piratical service. prior to the invention of conscription and the draft, many countries used forcible recruitment to fill vacancies in both military and naval service. abducting fishermen or sailors in ports, or compelling captured crews to “volunteer” for service was common practice among pirates as well as regular navies (see also crimping). in britain, compulsory sea service was sanctioned by long-standing tradition going back to at least the eleventh century, and was used extensively during the reign of queen elizabeth i and by lord protector oliver cromwell. but the practice will always be associated with the napoleonic wars, during which the royal navy had immense manpower needs. not only did it have to replace battle casualties and heavier losses from disease but, between 1793 and 1800, the fleet expanded by 290 percent (from 45,000 to 130,000 men). as a result, there was intense competition for seamen between the navy, the merchant service, and privateers. thus—despite generous enlistment bounties, improved conditions of service, and the prospect of prize money—it proved impossible to fill all these vacancies with volunteers, and three other methods were employed. • the quota system proved unsatisfactory, since it wasn’t worth the time and effort required to train a novice in what was the most complex technology of the age. • the imprest service provided the vast majority of skilled mariners. the popular belief that press gangs seized innocent landsmen and forced them to learn seamanship by brutal indoctrination is a hollywood- inspired falsehood. those liable to lawful 159 impressment impressment were “eligible men of seafaring habits between the ages of 18 and 55 years” (author’s emphasis). the navy had little interest in people who were would be of no immediate use on board a ship. slightly more than half of the seamen acquired by this method were classified as “volunteers,” but it is probable that most of these had made the best of a bad situation by signing-up after being taken, in order to enjoy the enlistment bounty and a better position on board. those who believed they had been seized unfairly had the right of appeal, and were often successful. • the third method was impressment at sea. a captain could halt a merchantman and legally compel its master to hand over some of his prime seamen (officers, sailors with less than two-years service, and apprentices were exempt). such men were valuable recruits, since they had not only been trained at someone else’s expense, but were usually schooled in handling weapons for defense against pirates. while still a post-captain, horatio nelson used cannon to force homeward-bound east indiamen to heave-to and transfer men to his ship. since britain considered all those born under british rule to be the king’s subjects, over six thousand seamen who claimed united states citizenship were impressed in this manner. this was one of the factors leading to the war of 1812. the impressment act was revised in 1835, limiting compulsory service to five years and prohibiting re-impressment. these laws have never been repealed in spite of the fact that impressment has not been used by the royal navy since napoleon’s final defeat in 1815.
Profession, английский
- Профессия
- 1. a type of job for which special training is needed 2. all people working in a specialised type of employment for which they have been trained they are both doctors by profession.
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შეგირდი, грузинский
გაგება, грузинский
- შიში
- წარმოდგენა
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