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False discovery rate
| Glossary of Statistical Terms |
In testing a collection of hypotheses, the false discovery rate is the fraction of rejected null hypotheses that are rejected erroneously (the number of type i errors divided by the number of rejected null hypotheses), with the convention that if no hypothesis is rejected, the false discovery rate is zero.
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Collection, английский
- The accumulation of precipitation into surface and underground areas, including lakes, rivers, and aquifers.
- Прием средств, инкассо, сбор задолженности по кредитам
- Сбор; собирание; коллекция
- A container for organizing clips.
- A customer’s assemblage of digital media, including music, videos, pictures, games, and apps.
- A set of resources in the configuration manager hierarchy.
- A set of thematically related apps, games, music tracks, videos, or other items available for purchase or download in the store. a thematic group of editorially chosen apps and games for merchandising or marketing purposes.
- A type of specialized class in the .net framework for data storage and retrieval. these classes provide support for stacks, queues, lists, and hash tables. most collection classes implement the same interfaces, and these interfaces may be inherited to create new collection classes that fit more specialized data storage needs.
- An export format that maintains a group of images that is generated at export.
- An object that contains a set of related objects. an object’s position in the collection can change whenever a change occurs in the collection; therefore, the position of any specific object in a collection may vary.
- Automatic grouping of user’s photos and videos based on time and place.
- The presentation of a negotiable instrument for payment, or the conversion of any accounts receivable into cash.
- Экзамены в конце семестра в оксфорде
- Инкассо
Convention, английский
- A соглашение notation ~ соглашение относительно спосо- бов обозначения
- An agreement made between hostile troops, for the evacuation of a post, or the suspension of hostilities.
- A regularly occuring behavior of individuals in a given social system to which (a) nearly everyone conforms, (b) nearly everyone expects nearly everyone else to conform, and (c) this expectation gives nearly everyone some reason for wanting deviance, including his own deviance, discouraged (->self-reference).
- A rule that describes how to model a class with the entity framework.
- Any standard that is used more or less universally in a given situation. many conventions are applied to microcomputers. in programming, for example, a language such as c relies on formally accepted symbols and abbreviations that must be used in programs. less formally, programmers usually adopt the convention of indenting subordinate instructions in a routine so that the structure of the program is more easily visualized. national and international committees often discuss and arbitrate conventions for programming languages, data structures, communication standards, and device characteristics.
Hypothesis, английский
- A suggested explanation for an observation or experimental result, which is then refined or disproved by further investigation
- Гипотеза
- N гипотеза critical period ~ гипотеза критического периода linguistic relativity ~ гипотеза лингвистиче- ской относительности (син. sapir–whorf ~) localist ~ локалистская гипотеза3 nostratic ~ ностратическая гипотеза sapir–whorf ~ гипотеза сепира–уорфа (син. linguistic relativity ~) single segment ~ гипотеза единого сегмента
- Гипотеза. положение, которое предположительно отражает истину или которое используется как основа для аргументации того, что еще не доказано.
- Гипотеза; предположение; допущение hypothesis-driven управляемый гипотезами
- Гипотеза, предположение
- An assertion, proposition or statement about relations or constraints whose truth-value is as of yet unknown .but in principle determinable by tests involving generally empirical but also logical evidence. hypotheses are generally derived from theories or models and when these theories have some validity of their own, they consititute predictions. l&qh
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Continuity correction, английский
In using the normal approximation to the binomial probability histogram, one can get more accurate answers by finding the area under the normal curve corresponding to half-integers, transformed to standard units. this is clearest if we are seeking the chance of a particular number of successes. for example, suppose we seek to approximate the chance of 10 successes in 25 independent trials, each with probability p = 40% of success. the number of successes in this scenario has a binomial distribution with parameters n = 25 and p = 40%. the expected number of successes is np = 10, and the standard error is (np(1−p))½ = 6½ = 2.45. if we consider the area under the normal curve at the point 10 successes, transformed to standard units, we get zero: the area under a point is always zero. we get a better approximation by considering 10 successes to be the range from 9 1/2 to 10 1/2 successes. the only possible number of successes between 9 1/2 and 10 1/2 is 10, so this is exactly right for the binomial distribution. because the normal curve is continuous and a binomial random variable is discrete, we need to "smear out" the binomial probability over an appropriate range. the lower endpoint of the range, 9 1/2 successes, is (9.5 − 10)/2.45 = −0.20 standard units. the upper endpoint of the range, 10 1/2 successes, is (10.5 − 10)/2.45 = +0.20 standard units. the area under the normal curve between −0.20 and +0.20 is about 15.8%. the true binomial probability is 25c10×(0.4)10×(0.6)15 = 16%. in a similar way, if we seek the normal approximation to the probability that a binomial random variable is in the range from i successes to k successes, inclusive, we should find the area under the normal curve from i−1/2 to k+1/2 successes, transformed to standard units. if we seek the probability of more than i successes and fewer than k successes, we should find the area under the normal curve corresponding to the range i+1/2 to k−1/2 successes, transformed to standard units. if we seek the probability of more than i but no more than k successes, we should find the area under the normal curve corresponding to the range i+1/2 to k+1/2 successes, transformed to standard units. if we seek the probability of at least i but fewer than k successes, we should find the area under the normal curve corresponding to the range i−1/2 to k−1/2 successes, transformed to standard units. including or excluding the half-integer ranges at the ends of the interval in this manner is called the continuity correction.
Nonresponse, английский
In surveys, it is rare that everyone who is ``invited`` to participate (everyone whose phone number is called, everyone who is mailed a questionnaire, everyone an interviewer tries to stop on the street…) in fact responds. the difference between the "invited" sample sought, and that obtained, is the nonresponse.
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