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Carrack (also nau)
| Глоссарий морских терминов (рангоут, такелаж, устройство судна) |
A three- or four-masted sailing ship used by western europeans in the atlantic ocean from the 15th through the early 17th century.
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Chronometer, английский
- A timekeeper accurate enough to be used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation.
- A valuable time-piece fitted with a compensation-balance, adjusted for the accurate measurement of time in all climates, and used by navigators for the determination of the longitude.
- An especially accurate and highly consistent marine timepiece designed to facilitate course-plotting. before the fifteenth century, the only reliable means of navigation was to follow known features on the shore. then acquisition of the compass from china via arabia, and the astrolabe from islam allowed european mariners to calculate their approximate north-south position (latitude) while out of sight of land. however, in the absence of a reliable means of measuring time, their east-west location (longitude) could only be “guesstimated” through a complex process known as dead reckoning. the resultant errors caused numerous shipwrecks. in 1713, the british parliament offered the then immense reward of ?20,000 for any means of determining longitude with an error of less than thirty miles (48 kms) after six weeks at sea. this demanded precise timekeeping to within three seconds per day while pitching and tossing and traveling from frigid arctic to steaming equator; a degree of accuracy which had seldom been achieved by the finest stationary clocks in temperate zones. sixty years later, the prize was won by john harrison, a yorkshire carpenter and selftaught horologist. his first machines were costly, complicated, and delicate; but soon he and pierre le roy of paris (independently) developed more rugged marine timekeepers with all the essential features of a modern chronometer. by then, invention of the sextant had provided a more accurate means of calculating latitude. thus, by the great naval wars of late 18th and early 19th centuries, shipmasters could set out on long voyages with confidence in making an accurate landfall or rendezvous. today, after more than two centuries of use, chronometers are being replaced by electronic timekeepers.
- Хронометр
Tingle, английский
- A thin temporary patch.
- Thin sheet metal used for temporary hull repairs.
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