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Bugeye
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A chesapeake bay oyster dredger, descended from both the log canoe and the baltimore clipper. about 60 feet (18 m) long, with a graceful clipper bow, ample midship section, and sharp stern. it was originally built of nine long logs, but later used frame and planking construction. two tall masts, raked sharply aft, carried sails that were sharp-headed long before marconi rig was introduced.
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Chesapeake, àíãëèéñêèé
Originally, àíãëèéñêèé
Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî
Construction, ôðàíöóçñêèé
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Bugle calls, àíãëèéñêèé
In the 16th century english army, trumpets were used for cavalry commands and drums for infantry, but gradually the bugle took over from the latter (a royal marines bugler is still called a drummer). to avoid confusion between different units, british bugle calls were standardized late in the reign of king george iii. in the united states, some bugle calls were inherited from the british, most were adopted from the french by the continental army, and a few are home-grown. the wide range of bugle calls for command and control are made easier to remember by “mnemonics” (systematic methods for helping the memory when recall is required). in this case, words or rhymes are developed which are both relevant to the activity and have a cadence matching the rhythm of the bugle notes. there may be many calls during a day, but some of the most important are those which begin and end it, known respectively as “reveille” and “last post” (brit.) or “taps” (u.s.). the custom of rousing troops with music goes back to the roman legions who were awakened by horns playing a hymn to the goddess diana—even though english-speaking nations name their wake-up calls after the french word reveiller (to awaken) the french still call theirs “la diana.” music of the american “reveille” was composed in 1890 by john philip sousa, then leader of the marine corps band, to words written by robert j. burdett. the best-known mnemonic phrase comes at the end of each stanza: i can’t get ’em up! i can’t get ’em up! i can’t get ’em up in the morning! i can’t get ’em up! i can’t get ’em up! i can’t get ’em up at all! the british army bugle call which most lay-people call “reveille” is correctly known as “rouse.” the real reveille is seldom played because it is so long. neither of these is played in the royal navy, which uses a third bsa 56 bugle call named for some obscure reason charlie reveille. one royal marine drummer (i.e., bugler) told the author he thought this might be because it is the third wake-up call and charlie is the third letter of the phonetic alphabet. another suggested that the opening mnemonics were originally “charley! charley!” rather than “wakey! wakey!” but no one seems to know for sure. there are numerous unofficial mnemonics, many totally unprintable. the most generally accepted version beginning with: wakey! wakey! time to get out of bed! wakey! wakey! rise up and shine! wakey! wakey! get up and wash yourself! wakey! wakey! lash up and stow! americans mark the end of the day with “taps” which probably got its name either from a british infantry signal for the spigots on beer barrels to be closed (see tattoo) or from the drum tapping which was an alternative to a bugle call. there are conflicting stories about how the current version came about, both set in 1862. one says that union army captain robert ellicombe rescued a mortally-wounded confederate soldier, only to find it was his musician son who had enlisted on the other side without telling his father. in the boy’s pocket were some musical notes he had been working on and ellicombe had them played at the funeral. however, the story generally accepted by the u.s. military says that general daniel butterfield, a brigade commander in the union army of the potomac, found the borrowed french bugle call “l’extinction des feux” too formal and summoned bugler oliver norton to play revisions he had made to an earlier tune. the result was so hauntingly beautiful that it rapidly spread throughout the army, and was even usurped by some confederate units. after the civil war, it was officially adopted by the navy, and is now used by all u.s. armed forces. unofficial mnemonic words are in part: day is done, gone the sun. from the lakes, from the hills, from the sky. all is well, safely rest. god is nigh the british “last post” originated as part of the 17th century tattoo ceremony. as night approached, the duty officer, orderly sergeant, and a drummer-bugler made the rounds of all sentry posts to ensure they were properly manned. when they began, “first post “was sounded on the bugle. the party then went from station to station, accompanied by the beating drum until another bugle call signaled that the “last post” had been reached. unofficial mnemonics begin: come home! come home! the last post is sounding for you to hear all good soldiers know very well there is nothing to fear while they do what is right both the “last post” and “taps” are “closure music,” and have been widely-used at funerals and remembrance ceremonies. on those occasions, they are often followed, after a moment of silence, by reveille or rouse to symbolize rebirth.
Brown water operations, àíãëèéñêèé
Naval activity along the littoral in navigable riverine and estuarine areas and extending perhaps 150 kilometers (about 100 miles) offshore. this is the area in which navies interact with land forces, coastal traffic, and much of a nation’s economic activity by making close offshore and inshore approaches to hostile or friendly land masses. see also blue water, green water, and littoral operations. brunswick’s “kraken”: shortly after world war ii, captain arne gr?annings?ter reported that, during the 1930s, the royal norwegian navy’s auxiliary tanker brunswick had been attacked three times off samoa by a giant squid. in each case the creature had pulled alongside, paced the ship for a while and then, possibly mistaking it for a whale, wrapped its tentacles around the hull and attempted to overturn or pull the vessel down. it eventually slipped off the greasy steel plates and was minced by the ship’s propellers, but might well have succeeded if it had attacked a wooden vessel of one-tenth the burden. this story raises three questions. • how could the creature have mistaken a 15,000 ton tanker for a 200 ton whale? • why did a (presumably) sound-sensitive animal ignore the noise of brunswick’s propulsion system to approach the ship? • why did captain gr?annings?ter wait two decades before reporting the incident? the first two remain open, but it seems reasonable to assume that the captain waited until retirement, fear- 55 brunswick’s ing ridicule that would harm his naval career. (see also kraken, monsters of the deep, and the appendix.)
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