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Royal united services institute
| Морской словарь |
Claiming to be “the professional forum in the uk for those concerned with national and international defence and security,” the rusi is believed to be the oldest organization of its kind in the world, having been founded in 1831 by the duke of wellington and granted its royal charter in 1860. the latter charges it with “the promotion and study of naval and military sciences and literature.”
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Professional, английский
The definition varies among associations but most term professional the following activities of a person over eighteen: being paid for riding, driving, or showing at halter; for training or boarding; for instructing; for conducting seminars or clinics; in some situations for being employed as a groom or farrier; for use of name or photo in connection with advertisement; for accepting prize money in classes.
International, английский
- Международный
- A интернацио- нальный; pseudo~ псевдоинтернациональный alphabet, language
- Профсоюз, имеющий первичные организации более чем в одной стране int – ist
Organization, английский
- Организация
- N организация lexical ~ лексическая организация orientational a ориентационный metaphor
- Европейская организация производства товарного бетона
- Организация ~ of safety обеспечение безопасности (на производстве); меры по технике безопасности ~ of work организация работ
- Has at least three meanings (1) the act of arranging components to form a pattern different from what would occur by chance, by some criterion or better than it was before (->coordination) e.g., conducting a political campaign; (2) a complex complementary conditionality in behavior or in the coexistence of physical or living components (ashby) as in an ecological system or in such social organizations as a family, a university or a government agency being constituted by its members through conventional rules of conduct, legally recognized and interacted with by observers or by other social organizations; (3) the relations, and processes of communication, including coordination and coorientation among the components or variables of a system that (a) determine the dynamics of interaction and transformations it may undergo in a physical space and (b) constitute (->constitution) its unity whether only for an observer (->allopoiesis) or also for itself (->autopoiesis). in this third and largely cybernetic meaning, the properties of the components that realize a system as a concrete physical entity do not enter the description of that system`s organization. it follows that machines, organisms and social forms of vastly different materiality and components may have the same organization. accordingly, a whole system 56 may be explained in terms of the properties of its components and its organization (->analysis). the use to which a particular system may be put or who created it in the first place is not a feature of its organization. a theory of design (including engineering), management and of (concrete) organizational behavior is concerned with (1). a theory of organizations concerns (2) and attempts to provide generalizations about how cells, or organisms interact or how and why people work together and form larger unities (->general systems theory). cybernetics is concerned and has in fact been considered coextensive with an organization theory which concerns (3) and attempts to provide theories of or a logic for how unities and whole systems can arise or be maintained through the forms of communication (and more complex kinds of interactions and interdependencies) among components without reference to their materiality. the theory of modelling is a direct outgrowth of this organization concept. like cybernetics generally, an organization theory is not disturbed by the possibility that some organizations may not be realized by man or by nature but it will be informed by the finding that they cannot exist (ashby).
- A work structure that divides the responsibility for economic resources and processes.
- The top level of a business hierarchy.
Wellington, английский
I. стат. р-н уэллингтон, веллингтон {новая зеландия, о. северный); 2. г. уэллингтон, веллингтон {столица новой зеландии, о. северный); 3. о. уэллингтон, веллингтон {тихий ок., чили)
Literature, английский
1 литература; совокуп- ность книг по данному предмету; печатный материал; 2 литературная деятельность
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Rudder chains, английский
Copper chains, formerly attached to the after side of the rudder at one end and to the stern at the other, with enough slack to allow free movement of the rudder. they served to save the rudder if it was unshipped by striking a reef or shoal.
Warned, английский
“though we have not alway war upon the sea, yet it shall be necessary that the king have alway some fleet upon the sea for the repressing of rovers, saving of our merchants, our fishers, and the dwellers upon our coasts.” he went unheeded and, by the turn of the sixteenth century, henry vii only had about a dozen warships in service. however, when henry viii was crowned in 1509, the growing naval power of scotland was both an affront to his prestige and a threat to the realm. henry quickly built up the navy royal as it was then known. by his death in 1547 it had grown to 58 state-of-the-art vessels supported by an administration with storehouses and dockyards, but his successors allowed it to decline again, and elizabeth i inherited only 27 royal warships in 1558. at this time, the english—whose early impact on the spanish empire had been modest, compared to that of the scots, french, and dutch—had achieved a remarkably rapid transformation from coastal traders and fishermen to blue water navigators. english shipwrights were designing heavily-armed galleon-type vessels with fine underwater lines, which made them fast, weatherly, and maneuverable, although at the expense of cargo space. however, instead of building up the navy royal, queen elizabeth encouraged private enterprise, in effect piracy, against spain’s new atlantic empire. when spain counter-attacked with its armada of 1588 the fleets of england, both royal and private, were mobilized to successfully defend the realm. the navy royal changed little in size from elizabeth’s death in 1603 to the accession in 1625 of king charles i who began to build up his fleet. by 1633 there were 50 king’s ships, but financial problems and poor administration saw this reduced to forty-two by 1642 when civil war broke out and the fleet declared for parliament. the commonwealth (republican) regime then created the most powerful and effectively run fleet britain had yet seen. this magnificent new force proved itself fighting the dutch and spanish and, when monarchy was restored in 1660, charles ii inherited 154 ships crewed and administered by permanent professional officers and bureaucrats. the royal navy had come of age, but still had a powerful french fleet to contend with. the latter fell apart after the excesses of the revolution and, from the late 18th until the early 20th century, britain was unquestionably the most powerful maritime force in the world. then, under the 1922 washington naval treaties it was co-equal with the united states navy, until world war ii brought the latter’s exponential expansion to superpower status. during word war ii naval operations in atlantic and european waters were overwhelmingly british and canadian, while the indian ocean conflict was entirely british. the pacific naval war was overwhelmingly a united states commitment but, as the european war wound down, britain was finally able to muster a pacific fleet. the bpf was the largest force ever put to sea by the royal navy, with its “sharp end” consisting of six fleet, four light, and nine escort carriers, supported by four battleships, ten cruisers, two maintenance carriers, hundreds of lesser warships, and a huge fleet train. however, the torch of maritime supremacy had been passed, u.s. naval expansion had been so great that the bpf served under american command as one of seven task forces in the fifth and later third fleet. royal navy sailors’ fund: this charity was established by the british admiralty when it ended the daily rum ration on “black tot day” in 1970. it was royal 268 initially capitalized by the money which would have been used to buy the next two year’s supply of rum for the entire navy, and receives an ongoing inflow of funds from the voluntary donation of a share of the profits of the commercial sale of “pusser’s rum” which is blended from the same five west indian rums formerly used for the navy issue. the “tot fund,” as it is familiarly known, provides financial assistance to serving seamen of the royal navy, and has made donations to the united states navy memorial foundation, the royal naval foundation, and numerous other maritime- connected institutions.
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