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Sailhook
| Морской словарь |
See benchhook.
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Sailing master, английский
This is among the oldest of naval titles, going back to the 12th century when there were no standing navies and merchantmen were converted into warships whenever needed for national service. as already mentioned, when a military captain took command the civilian master remained on board with responsibility for operating and navigating, but not fighting, the vessel. later, permanent naval forces were established and the military captain and his lieutenants became competent seamen, but the division between fighting and shiphandling survived. a sailing master, often known simply as “the master,” was a well-educated and certificated professional seaman. he had few military duties, but was responsible for navigation, steering, setting sails, maintenance of ropes, rigging, canvas and anchors, and the stowage of stores and provisions. at sea he stood watches, plotted the ship’s position using his own charts and instruments, and supervised observations taken by midshipmen and master’s mates. in confined waters he conned (piloted) the vessel. • in the royal navy of 1808 the sailing master was the most senior “warrant officer of wardroom rank,” with pay and status comparable to those of a commissioned lieutenant, and eligible to command ships on non-combatant duty. in 1864, senior masters became staff commanders and staff captains, and three years later they and the remaining masters and master’s mates were commissioned into the newly-formed navigating branch. however, after about 15 years it was decided to phase out that branch. no new appointments to it were made after 1883, when the first executive branch lieutenant graduated as a qualified navigator, and the last navigating branch staff commander retired in 1913. • in the united states, sailing master was the senior warrant rank authorized in 1794 when the federal navy was established. like their british counterparts they were experienced merchant seamen, but unlike them could and did command small combat vessels. in 1837, “sailing” was dropped from the title and some masters were commissioned to rank between ensign and lieutenant, while others remained warrant officers. after 1855, graduates of the naval academy were appointed as “masters in line for promotion.” in 1883, congress mandated the remaining warrant masters to be commissioned as lieutenants, junior grade and naval academy graduates became ensigns (see also table 15).
Sail palm, английский
An oversized thimble used to drive needles through heavy canvas.
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