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Thermodynamics
| Словарь терминов и сокращений в авиации |
- Термодинамика
- That branch of physics which is concerned with the storage, transformation and dissipation of energy (including the flow of heat from which the term is derived). its first law, or the conservation law, states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. this law provides the basis for all quantitative accounts of energy, regardless of its form, and makes energy the most important concept in physics. its second law, or the entropy law, states that in all processes some of the energy involved irreversibly looses its ability to do work and is degraded in quality. the latter is called thermodynamic entropy whose extreme form is dispersed heat and manifested in a uniform temperature distribution. another statement of this second law is that in any process entropy never decreases. the irreversibility of physical processes implicit in this law makes the entropy law probably the most important law in understanding terrestrial processes including living organisms and social forms. the third law of thermodynamics, or the asymptotic law, states that all processes slow down as they operate closer to the thermodynamic equilibrium making it difficult to reach that equilibrium in practice. this law suggests that the powerful and fast changes which are typical of technology and characteristic of living forms of organization are bound to occur only at levels far removed from thermodynamic equilibrium. third lak ~ therodynamics
- A branch of science about the relationship between heat, work, temperature and energy.
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Thermo, английский
- Thermodynamics
- Thermostat
Thermodyn, английский
Thermodynamics
Термодинамика, русский
(от термо ... и динамика), раздел физики, изучающий наиболее общие свойства макроскопических систем, находящихся в состоянии термодинамического равновесия, и процессы перехода между этими состояниями. (неравновесные процессы изучает термодинамика неравновесных процессов.) термодинамика строится на основе фундаментальных принципов - начал термодинамики, которые являются обобщением многочисленных наблюдений и результатов экспериментов (см. первое начало термодинамики, второе начало термодинамики, третье начало термодинамики). термодинамика возникла в 1-й пол. 19 в. в связи с развитием теории тепловых машин (с. карно) и установлением закона сохранения энергии (ю. р. майер, дж. джоуль, г. гельмгольц). основные этапы развития термодинамики связаны с именами р. клаузиуса и у. томсона (формулировки второго начала термодинамики), дж. гиббса (метод термодинамических потенциалов), в. нернста (третье начало термодинамики) и др. различают химическую термодинамику, техническую термодинамику и термодинамику различных физических явлений.
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Transformation, немецкий
Dissipation, английский
- Unusable or lost energy, as the production of unused heat in a circuit.
- Рассеяние
- Рассеяние heat ~ рассеяние тепла
- Generation of heat by plastic deformation.
Conservation, английский
- Protection, improvement, and wise use of natural resources according to principles that will assure utilization of the resource to obtain the highest economic and/or social benefits (17).
- The sustainable use of forest resources in a manner that does not degrade the collective resource values of a region over the long term
- Сохранение
Quantitative, английский
- A квантитативный
- Количественный
Regardless, английский
Невзирая на, несмотря на
Thermodynamic, английский
Temperature, английский
- Température
- Dry-bulb - temperature of air as indicated by a standard thermometer.
- An expression of thermal energy density. how hot or cold an object is.
- The measure of the intensity of heat that a substance possesses.
- Температура
- Температура тмр test methods and procedures методы проведения испытаний и последовательность их проведения тмр theodolite measuring point кинотеодолитная станция
- Temperatura, fiebre
- The condition attained when the wetted wick of a wet-bulb thermometer has reached a stable and constant temperature when exposed to moving air in excess of 900 ft (274.3 m) per minute.
- 1. the heat of the body or of the surrounding air, measured in degrees the doctor asked the nurse what the patient’s temperature was. his temperature was slightly above normal. the thermometer showed a temperature of 99°f. to take a patient’s temperature to insert a thermometer in someone’s body to see what his or her body temperature is they took his temperature every four hours. when her temperature was taken this morning, it was normal. 2. illness when your body is hotter than normal he’s in bed with a temperature. her mother says she’s got a temperature, and can’t come to work. comment: the average body temperature is about 37° celsius or 98° fahrenheit. this temperature may vary during the day, and can rise if a person has taken a hot bath or had a hot drink. if the environmental temperature is high, the body has to sweat to reduce the heat gained from the air around it. if the outside temperature is low, the body shivers, because rapid movement of the muscles generates heat. a fever will cause the body temperature to rise sharply, to 40°c (103°f) or more. hypothermia exists when the body temperature falls below about 35°c (95°f).
- Повышение температуры бетона ~ of truss высота фермы jet ~ высота подъёма горизонтальной неизотермической приточной струи, «всплывающей» над приточным отверстием
- Температура ~ of adiabatic saturation температура адиабатического насыщения
- Normal adult temperature varies among horses, but will usually range in degrees from 99.5°f to 100.5°f.
- A measure of the average kinetic energy of a material. the standard unit of temperature is a kelvin, (k). temperature determines the direction of heat flow between any two systems in thermal contact. heat will always flow from the area of higher temperature (t source) to one of lower temperature (t sink). temperature gradient (?t)
- A measure of the degree of molecular motion of a material compared to a reference point. temperature is measured in degrees farenheit (melting point of ice = 32 º f, boiling point of water = 212 º f) or degrees celsius (melting point of ice = 0 º c, boiling point of water = 100 º c).
- The degree of sensible heat of a body as measured by a thermometer or similar instrument.
- Measure of the intensity of particle motion in degrees celsius (°c) or degrees fahrenheit (°f) or, in the absolute scale, kelvin (k), where the increment of 1 k = 1 °c = 1.8 °f.
- Temperature of surrounding atmosphere. also called dry bulb temperature. compare standard atmospheric conditions. ampere (a): si unit of electric current. ampere per meter (a·m–1): si derived unit of magnetic field intensity. the measurement 1 a·m–1, for example, describes a current of 1 a flowing through a coil that is 1 m in diameter. compare oersted. ampere turn (at): in magnetic particle testing, unit for expressing the magnetomotive force required for magnetization using a coil in terms of the product of the number of coil turns and the current in amperes flowing through the coil. amplitude, echo: in ultrasonic testing, the vertical height of a received signal on an a-scan, measured from base to peak for a video presentation or from peak to peak for a radio frequency presentation.
- Measure of the intensity of particle motion in degrees celsius (°c), degrees fahrenheit (°f) or, in the absolute scale, kelvin (k) or degrees rankine (°r). an increment of 1 k = 1 °c = 1.8 °r = 1.8 °f. compare heat.
Distribution, английский
- Распределение. размещение.
- Распределение - рыночный процесс, при котором крупные рыночные трейдеры в основном продают бумаги мелким трейдерам;
- The distribution of a set of numerical data is how their values are distributed over the real numbers. it is completely characterized by the empirical distribution function. similarly, the probability distribution of a random variable is completely characterized by its probability distribution function. sometimes the word "distribution" is used as a synonym for the empirical distribution function or the probability distribution function. if two or more random variables are defined for the same experiment, they have a joint probability distribution.
- Refers to the spread and shape of a frequency curve of some variable. a histogram is one way to graphically display the distribution of test results by showing the frequency of observations on the y-axis versus the magnitude on the x-axis. the normal or gaussian curve is one form of a distribution.
- Распределение
- Торговля; сфера обращения; распределение
- A way to limit where your usenet postings go. handy for such things as for sale messages or discussions of regional politics.
- The movement of freshly mixed concrete toward the point of placement, either by motorized tools or by hand. distribution-bar reinforcement, distribution
- N дистрибуция complementary ~ дополнительная дистрибу- ция, отношение дополнительности5 contrastive ~ контрастная, контрастирущая дистрибуция non-contrastive ~ неконтрастная, неконтра- стирущая дистрибуция distribution(al)
- Распределение dna (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- Распределение. 1. распределение данных. данные могут иметь определенную форму (вид) распределения, которая зависит от их характеристик. например, рост имеет нормальное распределение (см. normal distribution), а результаты метания игральных костей следуют равномерному (случайному) распределению. 2. распределение (распространение) вещества и его метаболитов в организме после применения препарата. обычно описывается с помощью объема распределения (см. volume of distribution) и свободной фракции.
- Diamond pattern
- A payout of cash or property from a corporation to a shareholder.
- Распределение; размещение; распространение; разводка (труб) ~ of bending stresses over the cross
- Распределение. ранжирование значений переменной от наименьшего до наибольшего и результирующая совокупность характеристик или показателей, выстроенных в виде графика [20]. плотность распределения, например, показывает возможные значения параметра в зависимости от числа появлений каждого значения в выборке или совокупности. во многих случаях это характеризует разброс единич-ных значений выборки или совокупности вокруг среднего значения.
- The delivery of electricity to the retail customer’s home or business through low voltage distribution lines.
- The spatial range of a species, usually on a geographic but sometimes on a smaller scale, or the arrangement or spatial pattern of a species over its habitat. • food resources will lead to this distribution. d. over space: • altitude: species diversity less abundant in higher than lower altitudes. • latitude: ecosystems are more complex in equatorial regions than in higher latitudes (poles) • scale: the greater the sample the better interpretability. • spatial: • aggregated or clump d.: individuals form one or more clumps, attracted to areas with the greatest availability of food or shelter and avoiding less hospitable terrain. • random d.: individual spacing would be determined by chance. • regular or uniform spacing d.: individuals may also be drawn together by some social interaction, such as mating or parental care. in other cases, antagonistic interactions between individuals or scarce d. over time: • habitat: (see there). • succession (see there).
- The transport of low voltage electricity. this connects the transmission network with the majority of electricity consumers. the process is overseen by a distribution network operator. management of distribution is a natural monopoly due to the economies of scale inherent to it. reeep / sustainable energy regulation network – august 2004 - revised september 2010 4
- The set of values of a variable together with the probabilities (->probability) associated with each. a tabulation of the frequencies of tokens by types.
- The process of managing the flow of goods and services from the producer to the customer.
- Распределение. ранжирование значений переменной от наименьшего до наибольшего и результирующая совокупность характеристик или показателей, выстроенных в виде графика [20]. плотность распределения, например, показывает возможные значения параметра в зависимости от числа появлений каждого значения в выборке или совокупности. во многих случаях это характеризует разброс единичных значений выборки или совокупности вокруг среднего значения.
- The act or process of delivering electric energy from convenient points on the transmission system (usually a substation) to consumers.
- Выплата дивидендов
Irreversibility, английский
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Thermodyn, английский
Thermodynamics
Theoretical, английский
- Теоретический
- Теоретический theor/y теория; учение; принцип; гипотеза ~ of buckling теория продольного изгиба ~ of elasticity теория упругости ~ of elastic stability теория устойчивости упругих систем ~ies of failure теории [гипотезы] прочности ~ of plastic behavior теория пластичности ~ of plasticity теория пластичности ~ of plates теория тонких пластин ~ of shallow shells теория пологих оболочек ~ of shells теория оболочек ~ of stability теория устойчивости ~ of structures теория сооружений, строительная механика ~ of thin shells теория тонких оболочек ~ of torsion теория кручения
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