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Genetics
| Англо-испанский медицинский глоссарий |
- Genética
- The study of genes, and of the way characteristics and diseases are inherited through the genes
- Historically, the science of heredity, i.e., the tendency of like to beget like. now, a branch of biology concerned with intergenerational communication through molecular processes. culture provides the other channels of intergenerational communication, largely through symbolic processes.
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Genética, испанский
Генетика, русский
- Раздел биологии, изучающий законы наследования признаков. генетику не следует путать с психологией генетической, изучающей развитие поведения от момента рождения до смерти.
- (от греч . genesis - происхождение), наука о законах наследственности и изменчивости организмов и методах управления ими. в зависимости от объекта исследования различают генетику микроорганизмов, растений, животных и человека, а от уровня исследования - молекулярную генетику, цитогенетику и др. основы современной генетики заложены г. менделем, открывшим законы дискретной наследственности (1865), и школой т. х. моргана, обосновавшей хромосомную теорию наследственности (1910-е гг.). в ссср в 20-30-х гг. выдающийся вклад в генетику внесли работы н. и. вавилова, н. к. кольцова, с. с. четверикова, а. с. серебровского и др. с сер. 30-х гг., и особенно после сессии васхнил 1948, в советской генетике возобладали антинаучные взгляды т. д. лысенко (безосновательно названные им "мичуринским учением"), что до 1965 остановило ее развитие и привело к уничтожению крупных генетических школ. быстрое развитие генетики в этот период за рубежом, особенно молекулярной генетики во 2-й пол. 20 в., позволило раскрыть структуру генетического материала, понять механизм его работы. идеи и методы генетики используются для решения проблем медицины, сельского хозяйства, микробиологической промышленности. ее достижения привели к развитию генетической инженерии и биотехнологии.
- (от греч. genesis – происхождение) – учение о развитии; генетический – относящийся к возникновению и развитию, рассматриваемый с точки зрения развития, эволюционно-исторический (напр., генетическая психология).
- Наука, раздел биологии, изучающий наследственность и изменчивость живых существ. раздел генетики, популяционная генетика, по содержанию перекрывается с эпидемиологией, поэтому мы включили генетические термины в этот справочник.
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Characteristics, английский
- The distinguishing qualities of a navigation aid or buoy, including shape and color, whether fixed or flashing, and flashing sequence.
- A high-performance fiber with high chemical resistance that does not burn in air. it has no melting point and does not drip when exposed to flame. the fiber and fabrics from pbi retain their flexibility, dimensional stability, and significant strength without embrittlement even when exposed to flame or extreme heat. the fiber emits little smoke in extreme conditions. it processes well on conventional textile equipment, having processing characteristics similar to polyester. it can be used in 100% form or blended with other fibers. it has a high moisture regain and low modulus with comfort properties similar to cotton. the natural color of pbi is a gold-khaki shade, but it can be dyed to almost any medium to dark shade with conventional basic dyes.
- Acetate fabrics are in appearance fast-drying, wrinkle and shrinkage resistant, crisp or soft in hand depending upon the end use.
- Although modacrylics are similar to acrylics in properties and application, certain important differences exist. modacrylics have superior resistance to chemicals and combustion, but they are more heat sensitive (lower safe ironing temperature) and have a higher specific gravity (less cover).
- Although the properties of the nylons described above vary in some respects, they all exhibit excellent strength, flexibility, toughness, elasticity, abrasion resistance, washability, ease of drying, and resistance to attack by insects and microorganisms.
- Because acrylic fibers are thermoplastic, fabrics may be heat-set for wrinkle resistance and to provide permanency to pleats. acrylic fabrics have low moisture absorbency and dry relatively quickly. in general, acrylic fibers are resistant to the degrading effects of ultraviolet rays in sunlight and to a wide range of chemicals and fumes. they provide warmth in fabrics that are lightweight, soft, and resilient. acrylic fibers have relatively poor flame resistance compared with other fibers. some acrylic fabrics, particularly knit types, approximate the hand of fine wool. because of the composition and cross section of the fiber, fabrics made therefrom have a high bulk to weight ratio. this is further enhanced with the so-called “high bulk” spun yarns.
- Glass fiber is incombustible and will tolerate heat up to 1000°f without material damage. potential strength is not realized in woven fabrics or even in yarns, because the fiber is brittle and fracture points may develop, but nevertheless, very high tensile strength is obtained in woven fabrics, and is retained at elevated temperatures. the fiber originally was difficult to color but methods have been developed to accomplish this. moisture absorption is low. electrical and insulation resistance is high.
- Polychlal fibers have a soft, lamb’s wool-like hand and moderate moisture regain. the fibers are also characterized by high flame resistance and high abrasion resistance.
- Polyester fibers have high strength and are resistant to shrinking and stretching. fabrics are quick drying and tend to have wrinkle resistance and crease retention, wet and dry. polyester is used alone and in blends. it has been one of the first fibers to be developed in fabrics with durable-press features.
- Polyethylene fibers have a low specific gravity, extremely low moisture regain, the same tensile strength wet and dry, and are resistant to attack by mildew and insects. these qualities have made polyethylene fiber suitable for industrial applications, geotextiles, outdoor furniture, and similar applications. polyethylene fiber does not dye, and in most cases, it is colored by the addition of pigments and dyes to the material prior to spinning. it has a low melting point, a property that has restricted its use in apparel.
- Polypropylene fibers have a number of advantages over polyethylene fibers in the field of textile applications. the degree of crystallinity, 72 to 75%, results in a fiber that is strong and resilient, and does not fibrillate like high-density polyethylene. polypropylene has a high work of rupture, which indicates a tough fiber, and may be made with tenacities as high as 8.0 to 8.5 grams per denier. the melting point of polypropylene is 165°c, which is low by comparison with nylon or polyester, but is high enough to make it suitable for most textile applications. so light that it actually floats, polypropylene fiber provides greater coverage per pound than any other fiber. it is highly resistant to mechanical abuse and chemical attack.
- Rayon yarns are made in a wide range of types in regard to size, physical characteristics, strength, elongation, luster, handle, suppleness, etc. they may be white or solution dyed. strength is regulated by the process itself and the structure of the yarn. (also see polynosic fiber.) luster is reduced by including delustering materials, such as titanium dioxide pigments, in the fiber when it is extruded. the suppleness of the yarn is controlled by the number of filaments in the yarn, the denier or gauge of the individual filaments or fibers, and the fiber cross-section.
- Spandex is lighter in weight, more durable, and more supple than conventional elastic threads and has between two and three times their restraining power. spandex is extruded in a multiplicity of fine filaments which immediately form a monofilament. it can be repeatedly stretched over 500% without breaking and still recover instantly to its original length. it does not suffer deterioration from oxidation as is the case with fine sizes of rubber thread, and it is not damaged by body oils, perspiration, lotions, or detergents.
Communication, английский
- Связь; связной
- (кан.) решение экспертизы
- N коммуни- кация; процесс передачи информации; mis~ недопонимание, непонимание | attr. комму- никативный disorder, impairment, strategy cross-cultural (intercultural) ~ межкультурная коммуникация non-verbal ~ невербальная, неречевая комму- никация verbal ~ вербальная, речевая коммуникация
- Передача (распространение) информации процесс информирования населения.
- Corresponding by letter, hail, or signal. (see line of communication and boyaux.)
- Loosely, the transmission of structure across systems differentiated in time and in space, the process by which one mind affects another, interaction mediated by signals, symbols or messages. more formally and in cybernetics, communication is that construct an observer requires when he cannot take a dynamic system apart without loss (->ana~ysis), yet wants to distinguish, understand and say something about that system`s parts, variables or members, or alternatively, when he wants to explain the behavior of anyone of its parts yet cannot accomplish this adequately without reference to other parts of the system. communication ~s what integrates and distinguishes the participation of individuals in such wholes as groups, communities, societies. a more detailed analysis of communication processes reveals that they involve patterns that convey information, are subjected to numerous constraints and are describable in terms of transformations, including encoding, decoding, (->coding), transmission, and distortions due to the characteristics of a channel. historically, communication. was thought of as a binary relation between a sender and a receiver. modern conceptions of communication include complex networks possibly with feedback loops having the effect of memory, coordination, and coorientation and exhibiting dynamic properties not manifest in, and explainable by, reference to the properties of the.communicators involved (->constructivism). communications (plural
Characteristic, английский
- Property that helps to distinguish between items of a given population (3)
- A quality which allows something to be recognised as different cancer destroys the cell’s characteristics. adjective being a typical or distinguishing quality symptoms characteristic of anaemia the inflammation is characteristic of shingles.
- N характеристика (см. тж. portrayal) articulatory ~ артикуляторная характеристика perceptual ~ перцептивная характеристика, характеристика восприятия
- Характерная особенность, признак; характеристика, особенность ~s of the loading особенности [параметры] нагружение (конструкции)
- The characteristic dimension dc
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Genetics counseling, английский
Consejo genético
Geneticist, английский
- Geneticista
- A person who specialises in the study of the way in which characteristics and diseases are inherited through the genes genetic modification genetic modification, genetic manipulation
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