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Minesweeping
| Морской словарь |
The activity of detecting and destroying, removing, or neutralizing explosive marine mines. mines cut loose are either collected for intelligence analysis or destroyed by gunfire. • contact minesweeping: a special cutting wire is dragged though the water, either between two ships or between a ship and a paravane. when it hits the mooring wire of the mine it severs it. • distance minesweeping: a device towed behind the minesweeper emits sounds and magnetism that mimic the signature of a real ship, thereby exploding the mine. • airborne minesweeping: traditionally used towed cutter arrays and sleds equipped for acoustic and magnetic detonation, but flying with a tow is a difficult and highly-skilled activity. • advanced airborne techniques: have no in-water components, contributing to faster sweeps, easing pilot fatigue, and maximizing time on station. they include multiple sonars and electro-optical or laser sensors that scan large areas of ocean quickly, detect floating and moored mines down to at least keel depth, and detonate them with laser-aimed rapidfire cannon.
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Neutralizing, английский
The treatment of concrete, cement, or plaster with solutions of weak acid salts to neutralize the lime before painting.
Intelligence, английский
- Сбор разведывательных данных; разведка
- The ability to learn and understand quickly
- N интеллект, рассу- док, ум, способность к пониманию artificial ~ искусственный интеллект
- [1] information of military or political value. [2] gathering such information.
- Originally, an innate general cognitive ability underlying all of an individual`s processes of complex reasoninng. now, the dual ability to draw appropriate distinctions and to make appropriate, and to a degree better than chance, choices among the things distinguished. the first part of the process is creative (->creativity) and concerns the construction of a cognitive system limited by the amount of uncertainty tolerable. the second part of the process, largely attended to by ashby, is reductive and concerns how much information is brought to bear on a situation, e.g., for giving the correct answer to questions on an intelligence test, for selecting a successful course of action out of all possible ones, for saying the right thing at the right moment to the right person. culture bound intelligence tests assume predrawn distinctions, offer fixed number of alternatives and thus provide a normative measure of only the information processing ability part of intelligence. the constructive and uncertainty increasing ability part of intelligence is manifest in innovations, unconventional perspectives, avantgarde art but also in social deviance.
Minesweeper, английский
A vessel or aircraft designed or modified for the purpose of clearing mines.
Detonation, английский
- Combustion of a substance that is initiated suddenly and propagates extremely rapidly, giving rise to a shock wave.
- Propagation of a combustion zone at a velocity greater than the speed of sound in the unreacted medium.
- Rapid combustion, particularly of the end
- Rapid, uncontrolled combustion of the air-fuel mixture in the cylinder that results in a hard, rattling sound. detonation can cause severe engine damage if left unchecked for long.
- Uncontrolled burning of the last portion of the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder of a spark ignition engine. also known as “knock” or “ping”.
Components, английский
Комплектующие
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Ming maritime decrees, английский
15th century chinese naval technology was state-of-the-art, including the magnetic compass, stern-post rudder, and fore-andaft lugsails (much more efficient for beating upwind than the square-rig and lateen sails used by contemporary europeans and arabs). in 1403, emperor ming zhu di ordered construction of a huge imperial navy, and embarked on an ambitious program of ocean exploration with a fleet of some 350 warships and support vessels, many of them immense—for example, nelson’s victory was 61 meters long with three masts, whereas the ming treasure ship was 145 meters long with nine masts. it was also virtually “unsinkable” due to compartmentalization by watertight bulkheads. it would be centuries before ships of such size and sophistication were built in the west. the official ming history records visits to java, sumatra, vietnam, thailand, cambodia, philippines, ceylon, india, bangladesh, yemen, arabia, somalia, and mogadishu. it also mentions “franca” (believed to be iberia and france) and a people called “hollanders.” if they really did meet europeans, they must have circumnavigated the cape of good hope. in 1434, venetian merchant nicolo da conti claimed to have traveled to australia with a chinese fleet. he also presented chinese maps, now lost, said to show the outline of north america. in 2002 british naval officer and historian gavin menzies claimed to have located the remains of nine large chinese junks wrecked in the caribbean in 1421, but this has been discounted by most naval historians and archeologists. admiral zheng-he may have circumnavigated africa before vasco de gama, sailed around cape horn ahead of magellan, visited america before columbus, and reached australia well in advance of james cook. even if he did not, his voyages were magnificent achievements. however, soon after his death in 1435, xenophobic scholar-officials challenged the value of foreign trade, and advocated cultural isolationism. in 1500, they gained the ear of emperor ming xiao zong, persuading him to order the destruction of zheng’s logs and nautical charts, and make it a capital crime to build or go to sea in any vessel with more than three masts. china’s commanding lead was lost, never to be regained. had it been otherwise the history of the world could have been chinese dominated.
Minesweeper, английский
A vessel or aircraft designed or modified for the purpose of clearing mines.
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