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Ming maritime decrees
| Морской словарь |
15th century chinese naval technology was state-of-the-art, including the magnetic compass, stern-post rudder, and fore-andaft lugsails (much more efficient for beating upwind than the square-rig and lateen sails used by contemporary europeans and arabs). in 1403, emperor ming zhu di ordered construction of a huge imperial navy, and embarked on an ambitious program of ocean exploration with a fleet of some 350 warships and support vessels, many of them immense—for example, nelson’s victory was 61 meters long with three masts, whereas the ming treasure ship was 145 meters long with nine masts. it was also virtually “unsinkable” due to compartmentalization by watertight bulkheads. it would be centuries before ships of such size and sophistication were built in the west. the official ming history records visits to java, sumatra, vietnam, thailand, cambodia, philippines, ceylon, india, bangladesh, yemen, arabia, somalia, and mogadishu. it also mentions “franca” (believed to be iberia and france) and a people called “hollanders.” if they really did meet europeans, they must have circumnavigated the cape of good hope. in 1434, venetian merchant nicolo da conti claimed to have traveled to australia with a chinese fleet. he also presented chinese maps, now lost, said to show the outline of north america. in 2002 british naval officer and historian gavin menzies claimed to have located the remains of nine large chinese junks wrecked in the caribbean in 1421, but this has been discounted by most naval historians and archeologists. admiral zheng-he may have circumnavigated africa before vasco de gama, sailed around cape horn ahead of magellan, visited america before columbus, and reached australia well in advance of james cook. even if he did not, his voyages were magnificent achievements. however, soon after his death in 1435, xenophobic scholar-officials challenged the value of foreign trade, and advocated cultural isolationism. in 1500, they gained the ear of emperor ming xiao zong, persuading him to order the destruction of zheng’s logs and nautical charts, and make it a capital crime to build or go to sea in any vessel with more than three masts. china’s commanding lead was lost, never to be regained. had it been otherwise the history of the world could have been chinese dominated.
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Technology, английский
- The use of tools and knowledge to meet human needs.
- Техника; технология
- Техника (означает все знания или неотъемлемую часть знаний о: научных принципах или открытиях; промышленных процессах; материальных и энергетических ресурсах; средствах транспорта и связи, постольку, поскольку эти знания непосредственно касаются развития производства товаров или сферы услуг; документы юнеско)
- N технология speech recognition ~ технология распознава- ния речи3
- Национальный институт стандартов и технологии
- Технология
- The body of knowledge about, and the systematic study of, methods, techniques and hardware applied in the adaptation of the physical environment to man`s needs and wants. the application of scientific knowledge to build or improve the infrastructure of agriculture, industry government and daily life. (technology must not be confused with the very infrastructure it generates). technology has autocatalytic properties. it favores the use of technical devices and processes even in solving social problems, e.g., by using fertilizers to enhance agricultural production rather than a different form of work organization, by using computers for national planning rather than decentralized decision making processes.
- The practical application of knowledge to achieve particular tasks that employs both technical artefacts (hardware, equipment) and (social) information (‘software’, know-how for production and use of artefacts). supply push aims at developing specifi c technologies through support for research, development and demonstration. demand pull is the practice of creating market and other incentives to induce the introduction of particular sets of technologies (e.g., low-carbon technologies through carbon pricing) or single technologies (e.g., through technology-specifi c feed-in tariffs).
Contemporary, английский
- Издание, произведение, вышедшее в тот же период, что и другое
- Modern look or style of furniture.
- Contemporary refers to a modern style of furniture that is current, or of the present day.
Construction, французский
Exploration, английский
- Поисково-разведочные работы, прр. комплекс региональных буровых и геофизических работ поискового и разведочного бурения
- Поисковое исследование
- The general activity undertaken to identify and classify the elements of which a soil mass is constituted. explosion-proof said of an enclosure that is capable of withstanding an explosion of a specified gas or vapor that may occur within it, and of preventing the ignition of the gas or vapor surrounding it.
- A procedure or surgical operation where the aim is to discover the cause of symptoms or the nature and extent of an illness
- The work involved in looking for mineral deposits and determining their extent by drilling boreholes or by excavations.
- Поисково-разведочные работы (прр). комплекс региональных бу- ровых и геофизических работ поискового и разведочного бурения.
- The search for reservoirs of oil and gas, including aerial and geophysical surveys, geological studies, core testing and drilling of wildcats.
Compartmentalization, английский
The division of a building into fire-retardant sections, each of which can be closed off from the others, thereby impeding the spread of fire beyond its place of origin.
Watertight, английский
- Водонепроницаемый
- Fitted, sealed, or constructed so as to be impervious to penetration by water.
- A borehole in which the conditions are such that no loss of the circulated drill fluid occurs.
- A connection, container, or rock strata so tight as to be impermeable to water. 536427 o—60——7
Philippines, английский
- Two official languages - filipino (based on tagalog) and english; eight major dialects - tagalog, cebuano, ilocano, hiligaynon or ilonggo, bicol, waray, pampango, and pangasinan
- Гос-во филиппины, republic of the
Bangladesh, шведский
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Ministry of defence (mod), английский
Until world war ii, the british armed services—navy, headed by the first lord of the admiralty; army, led by a secretary of state for war; and air force, under the secretary of state for air—operated independently. during the war, prime minister winston churchill was de facto minister of defence, coordinating the activities of these, still nominally independent forces. in 1946 the three existing service ministers—while retaining their titles and operational control of their respective services—relinquished their cabinet seats, becoming part of a newly-created ministry of defence that is both a policy-making department and britain’s highest-level military command, headed by a secretary of state enjoying cabinet status. in 1964, the mod assumed operational control of all three services, whose individual ministers were replaced by a single minister of state for armed forces, who is not a member of cabinet. in 1971, mod assumed responsibility for procuring military aircraft and guided weapons, formerly a function of the ministry of aviation supply.
Minesweeping, английский
The activity of detecting and destroying, removing, or neutralizing explosive marine mines. mines cut loose are either collected for intelligence analysis or destroyed by gunfire. • contact minesweeping: a special cutting wire is dragged though the water, either between two ships or between a ship and a paravane. when it hits the mooring wire of the mine it severs it. • distance minesweeping: a device towed behind the minesweeper emits sounds and magnetism that mimic the signature of a real ship, thereby exploding the mine. • airborne minesweeping: traditionally used towed cutter arrays and sleds equipped for acoustic and magnetic detonation, but flying with a tow is a difficult and highly-skilled activity. • advanced airborne techniques: have no in-water components, contributing to faster sweeps, easing pilot fatigue, and maximizing time on station. they include multiple sonars and electro-optical or laser sensors that scan large areas of ocean quickly, detect floating and moored mines down to at least keel depth, and detonate them with laser-aimed rapidfire cannon.
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