Глоссарий терминов для переводчиков текстов по обслуживанию городов, поселков, санитарно-технических предприятий, жилищно-коммунального хозяйства, городского транспорта, энергетических предприятий и сооружений внешнего благоустройства.
| price ceiling | An upper limit for price. потолок цены; |
| maximum price | An upper limit on price set by government. if set too low, the result is significant excess demand--requiring some form of non-price rationing. максимальная цена; |
| regulatory space | Analytical construct defined by the range of regulatory issues subject to public decision. proponents claim that its dimensions and occupants can be understood by examining regulation in any parti... область регулирования; |
| transformation curve | Another name for a production possibility frontier or curve. кривая трансформации; |
| special contracts | Any contract for utility service under terms and conditions other than those listed in the utility’s published tariffs. e.g., a utility may agree to provide electricity to a large customer at a lo... |
| voltage reduction | Any intentional reduction of system voltage by 3% or more to retain continuity of service of the bulk electric power supply system; sometimes referred to as a “brownout.” понижение напряжения; |
| store of value | Any medium for saving or maintaining value. средство сбережения; |
| wholesale energy customers | Any organization able (or allowed by law) to purchase or sell electricity without undertaking transmission, generation or distribution functions. оптовые потребители электроэнергии; |
| indirect taxation | Any surcharge on retail price imposed by government and therefore a tax on expenditure; e.g., taxes on purchases of alcohol, tobacco, gas. косвенное налогообложение; |
| system user | Anyone supplying or receiving energy via a transmission or distribution system. пользователь системы; |
| reallocationofresources | Application of land, labor and capital to new, different uses – leading to a change in the output mix. перераспределение ресурсов; |
| spectrum management | Applying policies that define rights and responsibilities for the use of the radio spectrum. in telecommunications, the management of the type and quantity of connected devices and their frequenci... управление радиочастотным спектром; |
| hybrid regulation | Approaches to regulation combining features from a number of regulatory systems. see hybrid regulatory systems. смешанное регулирование; |
| stranded benefits | As in the case of stranded assets,the values of assets could be affected in a positive way by a policy change. because of advantage of location or excellent operating performance, a generating uni... упущенные выгоды; |
| price cap path | At the time of the price cap review,a regulated firm might be earning excessive or inadequate returns. the regulator must make a determination regarding where to re-set the starting price for the ... установление предела цены; |
| lobbying | Attempts by individuals and organizations to influence public officials toward a desired action or policy. lobbyists can provide useful information that helps clarify the implications of policy op... лоббирование; |
| price competition | Attempts by rival firms to attract customers with lower prices. ценовая конкуренция; |
| menu auctions | Auctions that involve bids with multiple components. for example, a firm might bid on the maximum price it will charge over the next five years and on the percentage of the population with access ... составные аукционы; |
| qualitative lending guidelines | Bank directives to encourage or restrict loans to particular groups. положения о качестве ссуд; |
| fixed publicly available telephone services | Basic telephone service (national and international calling, emergency and information access but no value-added options) made available to end users at fixed locations. |
| flat rate service | Basic telephone service that allows unlimited local calls at a monthly rate. |
| anti-competitive behavior | Behavior that protects a firm’s market power or position, such as predatory pricing. |
| private interest | Behavior that reflects attention to personal or private benefits. личный интерес; |
| marginal external benefit | Benefit resulting from the production or consumption of additional units accruing to a different party than the one producing or consuming the product. see positive externality. предельный внешний доход; |
| division of labor | Breaking down production into its components and distributing tasks among different persons, groups, or machines to increase efficiency. in conjunction with specialization, such activity promotes ... разделениетруда; |
| tariff rebalancing | Bringing prices in line with costs. historically, some customers might have been served below cost or without making a contribution to covering shared fixed costs. other customer groups (or those ... |
| transnational corporations | Businesses operating in several countries. транснациональные корпорации; |
| slamming | Changing the long distance carrier of a customer without permission. слеминг; |
| negative equity | - Characterized by an asset valued below the amount of money owed for it; e.g., a house of less value that the owner’s mortgage.
- Обесцененный капитал
отрицательная маржа; |
| competitive conditions | Characterized by the number and size distribution, firms, entry conditions, and extent to which production differentiation (or branding) limits price rivalry. see market structure. условия конкуренции; |
| third-party billing | Charging a call to a number other than the one being called or the one from which the call is made. выставление счета третьей стороне; |
| price differentiation | Charging different prices for products or services. the price differentials can reflect costs, e.g., the lower cost of off-peak electricity. or, they may be based on different price elasticities f... дифференциация цен; |
| real-time pricing | Charging for utility services according to its cost at the time of demand. metering for instantaneous usage involves costs for the equipment and signaling devices, but for large users who can adju... |
| uniform tariffs | Charging the same price for each unit of output. |
| pre-subscription | Choosing a designated long distance telephone company to provide service for a public pay phone. заранее определенный оператор; |
| regulatory collusion | Collusion involves a conspiracy or tacit (and secret) agreement between parties. absence of transparent processes can facilitate such “back-room” agreements-between the regulatory and a stakeholde... сговор регуляторов; |
| performance-related pay | Compensating managers or workers according to their level of performance. |
| monopolistic competition | Competition among a large number of small firms that produce differentiated products. easy entry and exit, e.g., restaurants in a large city. |
| permanent disconnection | Complete termination of telephone service, requiring reapplication to regain service. |
| institutional factors | Conditions and formal and informal rules in the society that constrain behavior. these may stem from legislative, executive, or judicial actions, depend on administrative capabilities, informal no... институциональные факторы; |
| incentive-based regulation | Conscious use of rewards and penalties to encourage good performance. see performance based regulation. |
| brand loyalty | Consumer preference for a particular brand, reflected in a reluctance to switch suppliers. |
| hedging contracts | Contracts that set future prices and quantities of goods (such as electricity) independently of the short-term market.derivativesmay be used for this purpose. (seecontracts for differences,futures... |
| qualitative controls | Controls to limit the nature or variety of an item rather than its quantity; e.g., regarding capital, a qualitative control would limit the type of loans but not the amount of lending. контроль качества; |
| energy costs | Cost associated with the production and transmission of electricity. |
| marginal external cost | Cost resulting from the production of one additional unit accruing to a different party than the one producing or consuming the product. see negative externality. предельные внешние издержки; |
| economic cost | Cost to a firm of utilizing economic resources in production, including opportunity cost. |
| regulatory assets | Costs incurred by regulated firms and approved by state regulatory agencies for recovery over a period of years. regulatory assets might include such things as the costs of energy efficiency progr... регулируемые активы; |
| floating exchange rates | Currency rates determined by buyers and sellers rather than government, so that the external value of a currency will rise and fall according to supply and demand in the foreign exchange market. плавающие обменные курсы; |
| rateclass | Customers grouped according to certain characteristics. they may pay a different rate than other customers, based on cost causation or cost allocations. тарифная группа; |
| comparative costs | Data on the costs of comparable activities are collected and used for evaluating the relative performance of two organizations. сравнительные издержки; |
| regulatory announcements | Decisions that are made public to all affected parties involve statements to the press. if particular groups know the results of a review process before others, those with the “inside information”... |
| complementary demand | Demand for associated goods or services that increases in tandem; i.e., an increase in demand for one creates an increase in demand for the other. комплементарный спрос; |
| objectives | Desired outcomes, such as efficiency, innovation, expanded services, and social justice. in the regulatory or political context, citizens may have objectives for the regulatory or political proces... задачи; |
| quality valuation for customers | Determining consumers’ willingness to pay for higher quality service is a difficult task for both utility managers and regulators. higher standards generally result in higher costs that translated... оценка качества для потребителей; |
| costattribution | Determining how different inputs and activities affect the outputs of a firm, so as to derive prices based on cost causation. отнесение затрат; |
| policy problems | Difficulties that arise in designing and implementing policies. |
| unbundled utility services | Disaggregating components of a previously vertically integrated network. for example, separating electricity service into its basic components (generation, transmission distribution, and retail) a... функциональное разделение инфраструктурных услуг; |
| shut off | Discontinuation of service; also called disconnection. |
| holiday rates | Discounted rates for using a service when demand might be low. for example, the lower charges for long distance calls on certain holidays, as determined by each telephone company. праздничные тарифы; |
| ministerial policy guidance | Documents or statements establishing policy objectives and general approaches to economic and social issues--leaving investigation, rule-making, and implementation to appropriate regulatory agenci... политика министерства; |
| non-marketed output | Economic activity that is not included in official figures for national income because there are no formal transactions recorded. теневая экономика; |
| appeal bodies | Entities identified in the law who are available to parties affected by a regulatory ruling. the entities can review the decision, and determine whether it was consistent with the legal mandate gi... апелляционные органы; |
| cross-elasticity of demand | Equals the percentage change in quantity-demand for product a divided by the percentage change in the price of product b. if this is positive, product a is a substitute for product b, since an inc... перекрестная эластичность спроса; |
| shadow prices | Estimatedprices used when market prices do not exist. these can be imputed from behavior or binding constraints. |
| regulatory drift | Excessive reliance on the status quo that reflects a very passive stance. rather than being proactive, such a regulatory style does not anticipate of issues. |
| exchange rate parities | Exchange rates expressed in terms of gold, dollars or euros. паритеты обменных курсов; |
| public interest theory of regulation | Explains government intervention in markets and associated regulatory rules as responses to market failures and market imperfections. this theory argues that regulation promotes the general welfar... теория регулирования в интересах общества; |
| interest rates | Expressed as a percentage per annum, interest rates can be thought of as the price of money; i.e., the extra amount that has to be paid on a loan. процентные ставки; |
| positive externalities | External benefits that accrue to those outside direct production or consumption and for which they do not have to pay; e.g., expansion of vaccinations that reduces the likelihood that others catch... |
| external constraints | Factors that influence economic behavior but are beyond the control of a consumer or firm. внешние ограничения; |
| barriers to entry | Factors that make market entry extremely costly for outside firms. factors as diverse as political restrictions or patents can discourage potential entrants, particularly since established firms i... барьеры для входа; |
| welfare loss | Failure to achieve maximum social utility because marginal social benefit differs from the marginal social cost. such inefficiencies can stem from over-production or under-production, and may refl... потери благосостояния; |
| time accounts | Financial deposits that earn interest but that require a period of notice prior to withdrawal. срочные счета; |
| building societies | Financial institutions that specialize in mortgages for home buyers. |
| external growth | Firm growth via acquisitions (mergers and takeovers). внешний рост; |
| cost subadditivity | For a single or multi-product firm, cost subadditivity implies that the output level (or output bundle) is produced at least cost by one firm. economies of scope is a restricted form of subadditiv... субаддитивность издержек; |
