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Spline
| Глоссарий по эконометрике (англо-русский) |
- A spline is a mathematical function defined over a compact region of a (continuous) variables range. it is generally continuous and is often represented by a low order polynomial function (or its integral). the knots of a spline are its points of inflection. its degree is a measure of the number of continuous derivatives. these functions underlie many data mining and nonparametric or semi-parametric regression functions. since they are only defined over a region of the full attribute range, they allow the function to adapt well to data in their region of support without strongly influencing the results in regions outside that region. techniques such as classification and regression trees (cart) and c4.5 that recursively partition the attribute space can be thought of as recursive spline functions with zero-order splines (constant values) fit in each region. the attributes in each sub-region so defined can then be searched for further places to partition that region adaptively for improved prediction. see also: c4.5, classification and regression trees, multivariate adaptive regression spline, nonparametric. split-sample validation a method for estimating the error in automated modeling techniques such as neural networks, recursive partitioning, and data mining. the data are split into two parts, a larger part for estimation and a small hold out sample used to estimate the true error. the technique is best used when there is a very large amount of data available as it reduces the size of the training data.
- A curved line, made up of segments and defined by control points.
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Сплайн, русский
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Mathematical, английский
- Analyzer, numerical integrator and computer эвм «маньяк»
- Математический
Continuous, английский
- Непрерывный
- Непрерывный; длительный; продолжающийся
- A продолженный, дли- тельный, непрерванный form, future, past, present contoid n контоид
- Непрерывный, неразрывный, сплошной, неразрезной (об элементах конструкции)
Polynomial, английский
- Многочлен
- Многочлен; полином
Inflection, английский
N 1 изменение формы слова (склонение, спряжение ); словоизмене- ние; 2 окончание, флексия (изменяемая часть слова ; см. тж. inflexion) process
Derivatives, английский
- Производные финансовые инструменты, которые представляют ценность не сами по себе, а благодаря тем составляющим, из которых они “произведены” (например, фьючерс, опцион, опцион на фьючерс, etc.). испоьзуются для спекулятивных сделок, а также в целях хеджи
- Производные финансовые инструменты, которые пред¬ставляют ценность не сами по себе, а благодаря тем составляющим, из которых они «произведены» (например, фьючерс, опцион, опцион на фьючерс, etc.). используются для спекулятивных сделок, а также в це¬лях хеджирования.
- In the energy sector this generic term refers to specialized securities including options, futures, and forwards.
- Производные ценные бумаги
Nonparametric, английский
A procedure is nonparametric if it does not rely upon "simple" parametric forms in the data, such as a gaussian, poisson, or binomial distributions. typically, a nonparametric distribution relies upon the data to form the distribution, and derives its properties from the way the data was sampled (selected) and the way in which it is manipulated (e.g., randomization tests, classification trees). this makes the procedure more robust, but less efficient when a parametric distribution is reasonable. for example, a tree-based classifier can outperform a logistic regression when the data are not linear, but will be less effective when the data do meet the linearity assumptions of a logistic regression. note that nonparametric procedures essentially treat the data as the distribution, so that the base distribution involved is the observed data distribution, which is a form of a tabular distribution. these procedures are sometimes called "distribution free," again meaning "doesn`t use a simple parametric form," rather than "doesn`t have any distribution." see also: parametric distribution. non-terminal symbol a symbol in a grammar that can be rewritten into further symbols when processing a statement. see also: production, terminal symbol. non-von a family of massively parallel computer architectures developed at columbia university in the mid-1980s. the systems are characterized by a special form of "active memory", consisting of many elements each with a small amount of local memory, a specialized cpu, and i/o switches that permit the machine to be dynamically reconfigured.
Parametric, английский
Параметрический
Regression, английский
- Statistical technique used to evaluate relationships among variables (22).
- Регрессия
- 1. a stage where symptoms of a disease are disappearing and the person is getting better 2. (in psychiatry) the process of returning to a mental state which existed when the person was younger
- Regression commonly refers to the process of developing an empirical (data-driven) model to predict and/or explain one or more attributes in a database or set of data. it is most frequently associated with the simple linear model (y=mx+b) taught in most introductory statistics courses; the same ideas have been extended in many directions, including classification problems. when the emphasis is on hypothesis testing and simple models, the regression output is typically a few parameters that provide a direct linkage from the input variables to the predicted variables (or classification). in other situations the emphasis is on explaining as much of the variability in the output variables as is "reasonable" from the input variables. in this case, there are a number of "advanced" techniques, such as smoothing splines, decision trees, neural nets, and so forth, for which there are many "free" parameters. the meaning of any one of these parameters can be obscure. many data mining techniques are, at their core, variations on well-known regression techniques. see also: classification, clustering, decision trees, neural nets.
- The reappearance of a previously fixed problem.
- The statistical process of predicting one or more continuous variables, such as profit or loss, based on other attributes in the dataset.
- A mathematical technique used to explain and/or predict. the general form is y = a + bx + u, where y is the variable that we are trying to predict; x is the variable that we are using to predict y, a is the intercept; b is the slope, and u is the regression residual. the a and b are chosen in a way to minimize the squared sum of the residuals. the ability to fit or explain is measured by the r-square.
- A seaward retreat of a shoreline, generally expressed as a seaward
Classification, английский
- Assigning data (i e , cases or observations) cases to one of a fixed number of possible classes (represented by a nominal output variable)
- Классификация; систематизация; засекречивание
- Классификация (упорядоченная группировка явлений и объектов; может утверждаться в качестве стандарта, в том числе национального или международного), см. nomenclature
- The work of putting references or components into order so as to be able to refer to them again and identify them easily the abo classification of blood
- Классификация
- N классификация language typological ~ типологическая классификация classificatory a классификационный matrix classifying a классифицирующий article
- The placement of an item under the correct number in the customs tariff for duty purposes. at times this procedure becomes highly complicated; it is not uncommon for importers to resort to litigation over the correct duty to be assessed by the customs on a given item
- Классификация; категоризация; сортировка
- The process of assigning a set of records from a database (observations in a dataset) into (usually) one of ``small" number of pre-specified disjoint categories. related techniques include regression, which predicts a range of values and clustering, which (typically) allows the categories to form themselves. the classification can be "fuzzy" in several senses of the word. in usual sense, the classification technique can allow a single record to belong to multiple (disjoint) categories with a probability (estimated) of being in each class. the categories can also overlap when they are developed either through a hierarchical model or through an agglomerative technique. finally, the classification can be fuzzy in the sense of using "fuzzy logic" techniques. see also: clustering, fuzzy logic, regression. classification and regression trees (cart) classification and regression trees (cart) is a particular form of decision tree used in data mining and statistics.
- Классификация. для порошков (пыли)—разделение образца на фракции по размеру, форме и плотности частиц с помощью жидкости; основано, например, на различной скорости оседания фракций в жидкости или на разном поведении частиц в потоке жидкости.
- A systematic organization of classes.
- The placement of an incident into a hierarchy of descriptors that indicate what the incident is generally about. for example, an incident could be classified as being related to software, and then to microsoft, and then to word 2003.
- The type of updates that sce downloads from microsoft update during synchronization.
- An offender is classified for a particular security level and housed in an appropriate facility based on assessment of their crime, security risk and prison behavior.
- A code which provides a method for categorizing the invention.
- The code for a specific type of complementary work or variation.
- Классификация, номенклатура
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Сплайн, русский
Состоятельный, русский
Состоятельный , богатый, зажиточный
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