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Energy transfer
| Glossary Of Laser Terminology |
- The phenomenon that dopant ions in laser-active media can exchange excitation energy among each other
- Energy is transferred as work, light or heat. heat transfer spontaneously occurs from objects at higher temperature to objects at lower temperature and is classifi ed as conduction (when the objects have contact), convection (when a fl uid like air or water takes the heat from the warmer object and is moved to the colder object to deliver the heat) and radiation (when heat travels through space in the form of electromagnetic waves). externality / external cost / external benefi t: externalities arise from a human activity, when agents responsible for the activity do not take full account of the activity’s impact on others’ production and consumption possibilities, and no compensation exists for such impacts. when the impact is negative, they are external costs. when positive they are referred to as external benefi ts. feed-in tariff: the price per unit of electricity that a utility or power supplier has to pay for distributed or renewable electricity fed into the grid by non-utility generators. a public authority regulates the tariff. there may also be a tariff for supporting renewable heat supplies.
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Energy, английский
- The product of power (watts) and duration (seconds). one watt-second = one joule.
- The capacity to do work; the amount of work that a system is capable of doing.
- The force or strength to carry out activities you need to eat certain types of food to give you energy.
- Энергия
- Энергия; запас энергии
- Энергия о ~ per unit of volume удельная энергия (на единицу объёма)
- The capability of doing work; different forms of energy can be converted to other forms, but the total amount of energy remains the same.
- The power to perform chemical, mechanical, electrical or heat related tasks (see food chain). e. flow in ecosystems: the higher the trophic level, the less energy is available to the predator. e. pyramid: energy relationship among various feeding levels involved in a particular food chain; autotrophs (at the base) represent the greatest amount of available energy; herbivores are next; then primary carnivores; secondary carnivores; and so forth; similar pyramids of mass, size, and number also occur in natural communities (see biomass).
- Power consumed multiplied by the duration of use. for example, 500 watts used for four hours is 2000 watt-hours. also commonly expressed as kilowatt-hours, where one kilowatt-hour is 1000 watt-hours.
- The equivalent of, or the capacity to perform, mechanical work, the difference between two states of thermodynamic entropy before and after work has been performed. energy is measured either as the product of force and distance (e.g., in lifting a weight a certain height) or as the product of power and time (e.g., in getting an object to move with a certain speed). energy may be stored in a material structure as in a water resevoire or a barrel of oil or in a kinetic form as in the momentum of a wheel or of a bullet in motion. electrical energy is measured in kilowatt/hours (kw/h), heat energy in calories or in british thermal units (btu), mechanical energy in horsepowers, light in joules, explosives in tons of tnt, etc. different forms of energy are inter-convertable due to the first law of thermodynamics which makes energy the most important construct of physics. all physical processes including computation and communication are known to require energy (->thermodynamics).
- The ability (capacity) to do work. energy is measured in joules (j), calories or british thermal units (btu).
- The capability of doing work; different forms of energy can be converted into other
- The amount of work or heat delivered. energy is classifi ed in a variety of types and becomes available to human ends when it fl ows from one place to another or is converted from one type into another. daily, the sun supplies large fl ows of radiation energy. part of that energy is used directly, while part undergoes several conversions creating water evaporation, winds, etc. some share is stored in biomass or rivers that can be harvested. some share is directly usable such as daylight, ventilation or ambient heat. primary energy (also referred to as energy sources) is the energy embodied in natural resources (e.g., coal, crude oil, natural gas, uranium, and renewable sources). it is defi ned in several alternative ways. the international energy agency utilizes the physical energy content method, which defi nes primary energy as energy that has not undergone any anthropogenic conversion. the method used in this report is the direct equivalent method (see annex ii), which counts one unit of secondary energy provided from non-combustible sources as one unit of primary energy, but treats combustion energy as the energy potential contained in fuels prior to treatment or combustion. primary energy is transformed into secondary energy by cleaning (natural gas), refi ning (crude oil to oil products) or by conversion into electricity or heat. when the secondary energy is delivered at the end-use facilities it is called fi nal energy (e.g., electricity at the wall outlet), where it becomes usable energy in supplying services (e.g., light). embodied energy is the energy used to produce a material substance (such as processed metals or building materials), taking into account energy used at the manufacturing facility (zero order), energy used in producing the materials that are used in the manufacturing facility (fi rst order), and so on. renewable energy (re) is any form of energy from solar, geophysical or biological sources that is replenished by natural processes at a rate that equals or exceeds its rate of use. renewable energy is obtained from the continuing or repetitive fl ows of energy occurring in the natural environment and includes low-carbon technologies such as solar energy, hydropower, wind, tide and waves and ocean thermal energy, as well as renewable fuels such as biomass. for a more detailed description see specifi c renewable energy types in this glossary, for example, biomass, solar, hydropower, ocean, geothermal and wind.
Energy (grade) -, английский
Напорная линия, линия энергии
Energy (q), английский
The capacity for doing work. energy is commonly used to express the output from pulsed lasers and it is generally measured in joules (j). the product of power (watts) and duration (seconds). one watt-second = one joule.
Energy -, английский
Потребность в энергии; энергоёмкость технологического процесса
Energy absorber, английский
Device for absorbing energy. the term is mainly used for a device that absorbs the energy of impact, as for example an energy absorbing steering column.
Energy absorbing steering column, английский
A steering column designed to progressively collapse on impact of the driver
Energy absorption, английский
- Работа разрушения (образца шарпи с v-образным надрезом)
- The energy required to break or elongate a fiber to a certain point. energy-to-break: the total energy required to rupture a yarn or cord.
Energy access, английский
People are provided the ability to benefi t from affordable, clean and reliable energy services for basic human needs (cooking and heating, lighting, communication, mobility) and productive uses.
Energy audit, английский
- A survey that shows how much energy used in a home, which helps find ways to use less energy.
- Систематический контроль за расходованием энергии
- A survey that shows how much energy used in a home and helps identify
Energy balance, английский
- Энергетический [топливно-энергетический] баланс, энергобаланс, тэб. структура производства или потребления энергии, представленная в долях, приходящихся на каждый производимый или потребляемый энергоноситель
- Топливно-энергетический баланс см. также energy budget
Energy band, английский
Energy beam, английский
Energy budget, английский
Energy carrier, английский
- Энергоноситель (преобразованный вид энергии, напр., электроэнергия, нефтепродукты)
- A substance for delivering mechanical work or transfer of heat. examples of energy carriers include: solid, liquid or gaseous fuels (e.g., biomass, coal, oil, natural gas, hydrogen); pressurized/heated/ cooled fl uids (air, water, steam); and electric current.
Energy cascading, английский
Утилизация энергии (путем утилизации отходов тепла и др. видов энергии одной энергоустановки в следующей энергоустановке)
Energy charge, английский
The portion of a utility bill that reflects electric energy consumed or billed.
Energy charter treaty (ect), английский
Договор к энергетической хартии (дэх) подписан в 1994 г
Energy chips, английский
Whole-tree chips used for energy (4).
Energy conservation, английский
- Using less energy, either by greater energy efficiency or by decreasing the types of applications requiring electricity or natural gas to operate.
- Using less energy (kwh) irrespective of whether the benefits increase, decrease or stay the same. energy conservation is thus the goal if environmental targets are to be met.
- Activities associated with reductions in energy consumption, including investments in energy efficient appliances and equipment.
- Энергосбережение
Energy consumption, английский
Потребление энергии. суммарное потребление всех видов энергии; обычно выражается в тоннах условного топлива, нефтяного или угольного эквивалента, джоулях
Energy consumption by function served, английский
Энергопотребление по направлениям использования (напр., для производства тепла низкого потенциала, на нужды транспорта и т.п.)
Phenomenon, английский
- 1. a fact or situation which can be observed 2. someone or something that is considered to be extraordinary and marvellous
- A condition with various possible causes in which the blood supply to the fingers and toes is restricted and they become cold, white and numb. also called dead man’s fingers, vasospasm [described 1862. after maurice raynaud (1834–81), french physician.] rbc rbc abbr red blood cell rcgp rcgp abbr royal college of general practitioners rcn rcn abbr royal college of nursing rcog rcog abbr royal college of obstetricians and gynaecologists rcp rcp abbr royal college of physicians
- In diabetes mellitus, a swing to a high level of glucose in the blood from an extremely low level, usually occurring after an untreated insulin reaction during the night. it is caused by the release of stress hormones to counter low glucose levels.
- Явление; эффект
Excitation, английский
- Возбуждение
- Energizing the active medium to a state of population inversion.
- The state of being mentally or physically aroused
Temperature, английский
- Température
- Dry-bulb - temperature of air as indicated by a standard thermometer.
- An expression of thermal energy density. how hot or cold an object is.
- The measure of the intensity of heat that a substance possesses.
- Температура
- Температура тмр test methods and procedures методы проведения испытаний и последовательность их проведения тмр theodolite measuring point кинотеодолитная станция
- Temperatura, fiebre
- The condition attained when the wetted wick of a wet-bulb thermometer has reached a stable and constant temperature when exposed to moving air in excess of 900 ft (274.3 m) per minute.
- 1. the heat of the body or of the surrounding air, measured in degrees the doctor asked the nurse what the patient’s temperature was. his temperature was slightly above normal. the thermometer showed a temperature of 99°f. to take a patient’s temperature to insert a thermometer in someone’s body to see what his or her body temperature is they took his temperature every four hours. when her temperature was taken this morning, it was normal. 2. illness when your body is hotter than normal he’s in bed with a temperature. her mother says she’s got a temperature, and can’t come to work. comment: the average body temperature is about 37° celsius or 98° fahrenheit. this temperature may vary during the day, and can rise if a person has taken a hot bath or had a hot drink. if the environmental temperature is high, the body has to sweat to reduce the heat gained from the air around it. if the outside temperature is low, the body shivers, because rapid movement of the muscles generates heat. a fever will cause the body temperature to rise sharply, to 40°c (103°f) or more. hypothermia exists when the body temperature falls below about 35°c (95°f).
- Повышение температуры бетона ~ of truss высота фермы jet ~ высота подъёма горизонтальной неизотермической приточной струи, «всплывающей» над приточным отверстием
- Температура ~ of adiabatic saturation температура адиабатического насыщения
- Normal adult temperature varies among horses, but will usually range in degrees from 99.5°f to 100.5°f.
- A measure of the average kinetic energy of a material. the standard unit of temperature is a kelvin, (k). temperature determines the direction of heat flow between any two systems in thermal contact. heat will always flow from the area of higher temperature (t source) to one of lower temperature (t sink). temperature gradient (?t)
- A measure of the degree of molecular motion of a material compared to a reference point. temperature is measured in degrees farenheit (melting point of ice = 32 º f, boiling point of water = 212 º f) or degrees celsius (melting point of ice = 0 º c, boiling point of water = 100 º c).
- The degree of sensible heat of a body as measured by a thermometer or similar instrument.
- Measure of the intensity of particle motion in degrees celsius (°c) or degrees fahrenheit (°f) or, in the absolute scale, kelvin (k), where the increment of 1 k = 1 °c = 1.8 °f.
- Temperature of surrounding atmosphere. also called dry bulb temperature. compare standard atmospheric conditions. ampere (a): si unit of electric current. ampere per meter (a·m–1): si derived unit of magnetic field intensity. the measurement 1 a·m–1, for example, describes a current of 1 a flowing through a coil that is 1 m in diameter. compare oersted. ampere turn (at): in magnetic particle testing, unit for expressing the magnetomotive force required for magnetization using a coil in terms of the product of the number of coil turns and the current in amperes flowing through the coil. amplitude, echo: in ultrasonic testing, the vertical height of a received signal on an a-scan, measured from base to peak for a video presentation or from peak to peak for a radio frequency presentation.
- Measure of the intensity of particle motion in degrees celsius (°c), degrees fahrenheit (°f) or, in the absolute scale, kelvin (k) or degrees rankine (°r). an increment of 1 k = 1 °c = 1.8 °r = 1.8 °f. compare heat.
Conduction, английский
- Conduction
- The direct transfer of heat energy through a material.
- The transfer of energy through a solid without motion of the conducting solid as a whole. steady-state conduction calls if the temperature at each point is independent of time. unsteady or transient conduction situations changes with time (time dependant)
- The process of passing heat, sound or nervous impulses from one part of the body to another
- Проводимость; электрическая проводимость; электропроводность
- The transfer of heat energy through matter.
- The transfer of heat energy in materials (usually solids) via molecular scale vibrations and collision interactions.
- Heat transfer to another body or within a body by direct contact.
- Heat transfer occurring when more energetic particles collide with — and thus impart some of their heat energy to — adjacent less energetic (slower moving) particles. this action is passed on from one atom (or free electron) to the next in the direction of cooler regions. thus, heat always flows from a warmer to a cooler region.1 conductivity, thermal (k): material property defining the relative capability to carry heat by conduction in a static temperature gradient. conductivity varies slightly with temperature in solids and liquids and with temperature and pressure in gases. it is high for metals (copper has a k of 380 w·m–1·k–1) and low for gases and porous materials (concrete has a k of 1.0 w·m–1·k–1).3 682 infrared and thermal testing
- Heat transfer occurring when more energetic particles collide with — and thus impart some of their heat energy to — adjacent less energetic (slower moving) particles. this action is passed on from one atom (or free electron) to the next in the direction of cooler regions. thus, heat always flows from a warmer to a cooler region. compare convection; radiation. conductivity, electrical (?): ability of material to transmit electric current, measured in siemens per meter. reciprocal or inverse of resistivity ?: conductivity, thermal (k): material property defining the relative ability to carry heat by conduction in a static temperature gradient. conductivity varies slightly with temperature in solids and liquids and with temperature and pressure in gases. it is high for metals (copper has a k of 380 w·m–1·k–1) and low for gases and porous materials (concrete has a k of 1.0 w·m–1·k–1). compare capacity, thermal.
Convection, английский
- Convection
- Currents created by heating air, which then rises and pulls cooler air behind it. also see radiation.
- The transfer of energy through a liquid or gas due to the motion of the medium.
- Конвекция
- Heat transmission, either natural or forced (by means of a fan), by currents of air control joint control-joint grouting the injection of grout into a control joint.
- The rising of heated surface air.
- Конвекция. установившееся внутреннее движе-. нне в каком-либо слое или воздухе, приводящее к вертикальному переносу теплоты, массы и т. д. (вмо). в воздухе конвекция чаще всего обусловлена плавучестью воздушных масс, контактирующих с нагретой поверхностью, что приводит к возникновению вертикального потока воздуха над поверхностью. конвекция может возникать также в результате воздушных течений и завихрений при встрече с механическими препятствиями, как, например, при прохождении воздуха над возвышенностью.
- The transfer of heat that results from motion of a fluid (gas or liquid).
- The transfer of heat energy through gasses and liquids by the amount and mixing of those fluids.
- Heat transfer by circulation within a medium such as a gas or a liquid.
- Heat transfer by circulation within a medium such as gas or a liquid.
- Type of heat transfer that takes place in a moving medium and is almost always associated with transfer between a solid (surface) and a moving fluid (such as air), whereby energy is transferred from higher temperature sites to lower temperature sites.3
- Type of heat transfer that takes place in a moving medium and is almost always associated with transfer between a solid (surface) and a moving fluid (such as air), whereby energy is transferred from higher temperature sites to lower temperature sites. compare conduction; radiation.
Electromagnetic, английский
Externality, английский
Внешний фактор
Externalities, английский
- Costs or benefits that affect society but are not included in the market price of a good or service. pollution is an example of a negative externality. education is an example of an externality benefit when members of society other than students benefit from a better educated population.
- Внешние факторы
- In economics, the effects that the acts of consumers or producers have on each other. externalities range from pollution and technological (->technology) inventions to the change in the range of options available to consumers and are differentiated from internalities because current knowledge prevents the former from being included into the formal equations of an analysis. externalities may also be regarded as the unanticipated side effects of calculated courses of action. ~
- Spillover effects of production or consumption for which no payment is made. these can be positive or negative; see external costs and external benefits.
Responsible, английский
Production, английский
- Refers to a person acting more dramtic than they would in a show, making the situation epic. example after tasha got up, she caused even more of a scene by throwing her purse on the ground, punching her boyfriend, and stomping into a store. what she did was a production.
- Добыча. извлечение полезного ископаемого из недр.
- Производство
- Производство, продукция (наряду с материальными благами продукция включает только те виды услуг, которые могут рассматриваться как реализуемые: к ним относятся услуги, предоставляемые так называемыми лицами свободных профессий; остальные услуги из состава продукции исключаются; в снс)
- N 1 продуцирование, порождение, производство (син. generation); 2 фон. произношение (производство звука ) 1 обработка документов, созданных на естественном языке, а также разработка методов, технологий и конкретных систем, обеспечиваю- щих общение человека с пк на естественном или ограниченном есте- ственном языке. language ~ когн. продуцирование, порожде- ние речи (син. language generation, speech production; см. тж. speech generation; text to speech system) speech ~ порождение речи (син. language generation, language ~; см. тж. speech generation; text to speech system)
- For obtaining the benefits of trading with our colonies, it is necessary that the goods be accompanied by a “certificate of production” in the manner required by marine law. (see origin.)
- Производство, изготовление
- A rule that processes input and produces a sequence of terminal and non-terminal symbols, which can also be passed to further productions. the rules that a compiler or an expert system uses are often called productions. see also: non-terminal symbol, terminal symbol.
- Any process of synthesis, transformation or destruction realized in a space of interacting components that results not merely in the emission of signals or arrangement of characters, but as in a computer or a clockwork in material entities which are capable of interacting with other entities possibly including with the components that produced them. (->autopoiesis, ->allopoiesis)
- The process of creating usable goods from raw materials and/or parts.
- In the context of project financing, a defined portion of the proceeds of production up to a dollar amount.
- The output of goods and services.
- Добыча. извлечение полезного ископаемого из недр. производ- ство. объем добычи или производства.
- Term used to describe the process of extracting, preparing, storing, and delivering well oils.
- The phase of the petroleum industry that deals with bringing the well fluids to the surface and separating them and with storing, gauging, and otherwise preparing the product for the pipeline.
Consumption, английский
- Потребление (в смп; различают производственное и непроизводственное потребление; последнее подразделяется на фонд личного потребления и материальные затраты в непроизводственных учреждениях; в снс выделяют промежуточное потребление, частное потребление — расходы домашних хозяйств и частных некоммерческих организаций на потребление, и государственное текущее потребление)
- 1. the act of taking food or liquid into the body the patient’s increased consumption of alcohol 2. a former name for pulmonary tuberculosis
- Потребление
- Потребление; расход
- Потребление, расход; затрата
- The items used, time spent and costs incurred during servicing that are not included in the invoice to the customer.
Compensation, английский
- Компенсация
- Changes made in the dimensions of the master artwork/phototool from
- 1. something which makes something else seem less bad or less serious 2. an amount of money or something else given to pay for loss or damage the drugs caused him to develop breathing problems, so he thinks he’s entitled to medical compensation. 3. the act of giving money to pay for loss or damage compensation for loss of a limb 4. a situation where the body helps to correct a problem in a particular organ by making another organ, or the undamaged parts of the same organ, function at a higher level 5. behaviour that emphasises a particular ability or personality characteristic in order to make the lack of another one seem less bad
- N компенсация
- Компенсация возмещение (ремедиум), на которое имеет право страна-член вто в случаях, когда другой член вто нарушает взятые на себя обязательства по предоставлению услуг или облагает товар пошлинами выше связанных ставок таможенного тарифа
- If a detained vessel is lost by the negligence and misconduct of the prize-master, compensation must be rendered, and the actual captors are responsible. the principal being answerable in law for the agent`s acts.
- A group of actions designed to undo or mitigate the effect of a committed transaction.
- Direct or indirect monetary and nonmonentary rewards in exchange for services rendered, or an award for damages sustained by an injury or by the violation of a contract.
- Arrangement under which the delivery of goods to a party is paid for by buying back a certain amount of the product from the recipient of the goods.
- The ways in which speakers may compensate for a lack of language skills and knowledge. see coping strategies.
- Salary and benefits
- Salary and benefits everything that an employee receives for working, including pay and non-monetary benefits
- Compensation is the amount of money that an employee receives in exchange for his or her services. compensation includes wages, salary, bonuses, and other benefits.
- A monetary benefit that is provided by employers to attract and retain qualified workers. compensation can include salary, bonuses, health insurance benefits, paid time off, retirement plans, tuition reimbursement programs, and more.
- Pay structures within an organization. it can be linked to employee appraisal. compensation is effectively managed if performance is measured adequately.
- The total amount of the monetary and non-monetary pay provided to an employee by an employer in return for work performed. this could include things like benefits, car allowance, performance bonus, gym membership, as well as a regular pay cheque.
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Cooperative lasing, английский
The phenomenon that laser action at one wavelength can facilitate lasing at another wavelength
Mode competition, английский
The phenomenon that different resonator modes experience laser amplification in the same gain medium, leading to cross-saturation effects
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