|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Military deception
| Ìîðñêîé ñëîâàðü |
Concerns misleading the enemy as to one’s capabilities, intentions, and operations; thereby causing him to take specific actions (or inactions) that will contribute to the accomplishment of the mission. ultimately, the intent is to favorably shape the enemy’s behavior, or to cause him to form an inaccurate impression of the battlespace. notable naval examples, one from antiquity and five during world war ii, were: • 480 bce; salamis: the persian fleet enjoyed a huge numerical superiority, so greek commander themistocles planned to lure them into the narrow gulf of salamis, where numbers would be less decisive. he had his trusted slave sicinnus “defect” to the persian camp, to tell young king xerxes the greeks were quarrelling among themselves (true) and would fall apart if attacked (false). xerxes leaped into the trap. after sending a 200-ship squadron to block the greek line of retreat at the far end of the gulf, and a detachment of marines to seize the islet of psyttaleia at its mouth, he ordered the main fleet to cut off any attempt at escape by embarking at sunset and remaining at sea overnight. at dawn, five hundred and fifty triremes in line abreast rowed towards three hundred greek warships inside the gulf. but they were tired after their night at the oars and lost cohesion splitting to pass on either side of psyttaleia. then, as they emerged on the other side, they saw the second deception— a corinthian squadron backing-water and hoisting sails in a feigned attempt at escape—each persian vessel surged forward, racing its neighbor for the honor of being first to strike, further distorting their battle line. the trap was sprung. greek trumpets blared, and the main fleet surged forward to grapple. the corinthians downed sail and rowed back to join them, and a detached squadron charged in from the flank to smash through the banks of oars and thrust their wicked beaks into the fragile side planks of enemy ships. the rout was close to total. • 1942; operation torch: when its agents reported large numbers of ships passing through the strait of gibraltar for the north african invasion, the german high command assumed they were another supply convoy heading for malta. hitler, however, believed they were an invasion force. so did italian dictator mussolini, who correctly forecast vichy french north africa as the objective, but hitler disregarded his ally and ordered large air and submarine forces to assemble in the sicilian narrows to forestall an amphibious assault on libya. the allies encouraged this belief with two ruses. first hms janine (undamaged) radioed a plain language distress message, saying she was sinking hundreds of miles east of where she really was. then, the central and eastern task forces steamed well beyond their objectives as though heading for libya, waiting for darkness before reversing course to head for the real invasion beaches. • 1943; operation mincemeat: the capture of sicily— which would open the mediterranean to allied shipping and give them a foothold in europe—was such an obvious strategic objective that winston churchill said “everyone but a bloody fool would know it.” accordingly, british naval intelligence mounted an elaborate deception plan. the corpse of a 34-year-old man was given the identity papers of a fictional major of royal marines, placed in a steel canister filled with dry ice, and taken on board british submarine hms seraph. a briefcase, attached to his wrist by a bank-courier’s chain, contained forged official documents and a series of letters from senior officers in england to commanders in the field, covering subjects so “sensitive” that they justified being hand-carried rather than sent through regular channels. one of these was a personal letter from the vice chief of the imperial general staff (sir archibald nye) to “my dear alex” (sir harold alexander, commander, 18th army group). among other things, nye discussed two totally fictitious amphibious landings. operation husky (the real code name for the sicily invasion) was identified as a major assault on greece, while a secondary invasion of sardinia was given the invented code name operation brimstone. nye then outlined purported deception plans, ending with “we stand a very good chance of making them think we are going for sicily.” there was also a letter from admiral lord louis mountbatten (chief of combined operations) introducing his subordinate “major martin” to “abc” (andrew browne cunningham, allied naval c-in-c in the mediterranean) and ending with a rather forced joke about “sardines,” hoping the germans would see it as a veiled reference to the “brimstone” operation. to give verisimilitude to the impersonation, the stubs of recent theater tickets were stuffed into the marine’s battledress pockets along with fabricated personal objects. several private letters included one from his bank manager demanding payment of an overdraft, while more intimate items included love letters from a fictitious fiancee, her photograph (actually of an admiralty clerk), and the jeweler’s bill for her engagement ring. before dawn on 30 april, seraph surfaced near the town of huelva, where with the spanish authorities were known to be friendly to german intelligence. the “major” was removed from his can- 201 military ister and gently pushed overboard. before tide and currents could wash him ashore as intended, the body was found by a local fisherman and handed over to the spanish armada, whose pathologists (as hoped) diagnosed that fluid in his lungs—due to the pneumonia that killed him—was consistent with death by drowning after an airplane crash. to further the deception, the british naval attache was directed to demand immediate return of the papers. after twelve days, the briefcase was handed over and british forensic experts were able to confirm that the envelopes had been opened and resealed. mussolini still believed sicily would be the primary target, but hitler believed the deception, redirecting reinforcements from sicily to sardinia and corsica, and sending renowned general rommel to assume command in greece, where german forces were augmented by an entire panzer division moved all the way from france. even after the sicily landings, the germans remained convinced the main attacks would come later in sardinia and greece, keeping forces there until after the allied beachhead was secure. this embarrassing “sting” made german intelligence officers so suspicious that they dismissed genuine top-secret documents found in an abandoned landing craft that washed ashore in normandy shortly after d-day, and others found in a crashed glider near arnhem in september 1944. • 1944; fortitude north: this deception plan was aimed at keeping the 27 german divisions in norway from reinforcing normandy when the amphibious invasion began. a fictitious british “fourth army,” supposedly headquartered in edinburgh castle, swamped the radio waves with messages such as “vii corps needs instructors in the bilgeri method of mountain climbing” and “80 division requires 1,800 pairs of kandahar ski bindings.” russian agents compounded the deception, and the nazi troops remained in scandinavia. • 1944; fortitude south: a much larger fictitious unit—“first united states army group” (fusag), said to be commanded by american general george patton, whom the germans considered the best allied tactician—also used false signals and the messages of double agents to persuade the enemy that the allies could muster 95 to 97 divisions when only 35 were available. while the real invasion force under british general bernard montgomery was secretly assembling in southwestern england, german radio intercept and intelligence organizations were persuaded that fusag would mount the main assault on the pas-de- calais. consequently, hitler considered the normandy landings only a diversion and withheld strategic reserves, making the german response to the beachhead far weaker than it could have been. • 1945; operation tucson: on 10th july, task force 38, the powerful striking force of the united states third fleet, bombed tokyo; then headed north under strict radio silence to strike southern hokkaido and northern honshu. simultaneously, uss tucson (cl-98) turned south. after several hours of high-speed steaming she broke radio silence with the first of several “urgent” messages purporting to come from uss missouri (bb-63) admiral halsey’s flagship (one of missouri’s radio operators was assigned to tucson so that japanese intercepts would hear a familiar “fist”). they also used voice communication to simulate conversations between tf-38’s carriers and their aircraft; placing each speaker in a separate compartment so that the “background noise” was different. after an air strike on the southern island of kyushu by carrier-type aircraft (that were actually land-based on okinawa) tucson faked their return and recovery by tf-38. all of this convinced the japanese that halsey was off the southern tip of their homeland to support an amphibious invasion. troops and aircraft were rushed southward, and tf-38’s actual strike in the north achieved total surprise. according to rear admiral robert carney, halsey’s chief of staff, “there was no resistance to the strike at all.”
|
|
Deceptacon, àíãëèéñêèé
Decepticon, àíãëèéñêèé
(from the transformers tv show) someone who looks good from behind (or in poor lighting) but horrid when they turn around. example on tv, calista flockheart looks pretty good, but in person she looks like golem from the hobbit! serious decepticon.
Deceptio, ëàòèíñêèé
Deceptio visus, àíãëèéñêèé
Any extraordinary instance of deception to the sight, occasioned by the effects of atmospheric media. (see terrestrial refraction and mirage.)
Deceptio visus, ëàòèíñêèé
Îïòè÷åñêèé îáìàí
Deceptio [onis, f], ëàòèíñêèé
Deception, àíãëèéñêèé
Deception, èñïàíñêèé
Deception electronic counter- measures, àíãëèéñêèé
Óâîäÿùèå [îòâëåêàþùèå] ðàäèîýëåêòðîííûå ïîìåõè
Deceptiosus [a, um], ëàòèíñêèé
Deceptive mark, àíãëèéñêèé
Äåçîðèåíòèðóþùèé òîâàðíûé çíàê (ñîäåðæàùèé ÿâíî ëîæíûå è íåïðàâèëüíûå ñâåäåíèÿ è íå ÿâëÿþùèéñÿ îõðàíîñïîñîáíûì)
Deceptive trade practices, àíãëèéñêèé
Practices that involve misleading or misrepresenting products or services to consumers and customers. in the u.s., these practices are regulated by the federal trade commission at the federal level and typically by the attorney general’s office of consumer protection at the state level.
Deceptive trade practices act, àíãëèéñêèé
Part of the federal consumer protection act originally passed in 1973 and made specifically applicable to real estate in 1975, specifically prohibiting a lengthy number of false, misleading and deceptive acts or practices.
Deceptor, ëàòèíñêèé
Deceptorius [a, um], ëàòèíñêèé
Military, àíãëèéñêèé
- Construction, air force âîåííî-ñòðîèòåëüíûå îòðÿäû ââñ
- Âîåííûé
- Specification`âîåííûå òåõíè÷åñêèå òðåáîâàíèÿ
- [1] in general, of, related to, or concerning armed forces as distinct from police or civilians. [2] specifically, of, related to, or concerning soldiers and the army.
Military (specification), àíãëèéñêèé
Âîåííûå òðåáîâàíèÿ
Military aeronautical research and, àíãëèéñêèé
Development íèîêð â îáëàñòè âîåííîé àâèàöèè
Military air defense warning, àíãëèéñêèé
Îïîâåùåíèå î âîçäóøíîì íàïàäåíèè, ïåðåäàâàåìîå ïî âîåííîé ñåòè ñâÿçè ìàå mean absolute error ñðåäíÿÿ àáñîëþòíàÿ îøèáêà, ñðåäíåàðèôìåòè÷åñêîå îòêëîíåíèå ìàå medical air evacuation ìåäèöèíñêàÿ ýâàêóàöèÿ ïî âîçäóõó ìàå missile airborne equipment áîðòîâîå îáîðóäîâàíèå ðàêåòû ìàå missile assembly equipment îáîðóäîâàíèå äëÿ ñáððêè ðàêåò ìàåå áð marine aircraft experimental establishment íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò àâèàöèè ìîðñêîé ïåõîòû ìàåð maps and aerial photographs êàðòû è àýðîôîòîñíèìêè
Military air traffic center, àíãëèéñêèé
Öåíòð óïðàâëåíèÿ ïîëåòàìè âîåííûõ ñàìîëåòîâ
Military air traffic control, àíãëèéñêèé
Âîåííàÿ àâèàäèñïåò÷åðñêàÿ ñëóæáà; óïðàâëåíèå ïîëåòàìè âîåííûõ ñàìîëåòîâ
Misleading, àíãëèéñêèé
Ââîäÿùèé â çàáëóæäåíèå.
Capabilities, àíãëèéñêèé
Operations, àíãëèéñêèé
- Research, incorporated ôèðìà «îïåðåéøíç ðåñåð÷ èâêîðïî- ðåéòåä»
- Field movements, whether offensive or defensive.
- Îïåðàöèîííûé îòäåë (â èíâåñòèöèîííîì áàíêå)
Contribute, àíãëèéñêèé
Ñîäåéñòâîâàòü; ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü; ñîòðóäíè÷àòü
Accomplishment, àíãëèéñêèé
Âûïîëíåíèå (ðàáîò), ðåàëèçàöèÿ (ïëàíà)
Impression, àíãëèéñêèé
- 1. a mould of a person’s jaw made by a dentist before making a denture 2. a depression on an organ or structure into which another organ or structure fits cardiac impression 1. concave area near the centre of the upper surface of the liver under the heart 2. depression on the mediastinal part of the lungs where they touch the pericardium
- The effect produced upon any ship, place, or body of troops, by a hostile attack.
- An ad that is served to a user’s screen either as a pushed (sent by e-mail) or pulled ad (requested by a user’s browser). this includes measurement of responses from an ad delivery system to a user’s browser.
- An opportunity to deliver an advertising element to a web site visitor. requests are generated by events on the site, such as a request for a particular page or the purchase of a specific item. the ad used to fulfill the request is determined by the need of delivery.
Battlespace, àíãëèéñêèé
The u s department of defense defines “battlespace” as: the environment, factors, and conditions that must be understood to successfully apply combat power, protect the force, or complete the mission. this includes the air, land, sea, space, and the included enemy and friendly forces; facilities; weather; terrain; the electromagnetic spectrum; and the information environment within the operational areas and areas of interest.
Superiority, àíãëèéñêèé
The fact of being better than something or someone else
Themselves, àíãëèéñêèé
|
Military independent, àíãëèéñêèé
A merchantman or naval auxiliary sailing alone but controlled and reported as a military unit.
Milan naval forum, àíãëèéñêèé
A 1995 initiative of the indian navy, involving a biennial gathering of indian ocean navies to discuss common concerns, forge co-operation, and build friendship and mutual understand- middle 200 ing. current participants are australia, bangladesh, india, indonesia, malaysia, myanmar [burma], singapore, srilanka, and thailand. (milan is hindi for “tryst” or “meeting.”)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
