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Personal gun salutes
| Ìîðñêîé ñëîâàðü |
Having started as a friendly gesture to other countries (see national gun salutes) the practice of firing cannon evolved into a ceremonial act of respect for individuals. (in the 16th century, intending to honor elizabeth i, a warship accidentally fired shot instead of blank rounds, damaging greenwich palace, the queen’s residence. since then naval gun salutes have been prohibited on the thames river above gravesend.) in 1875, britain and the united states agreed on salutes ranging from five to twentyone guns in increments of two, the number of shots depending on the importance of the occasion and the rank or status of the person being honored. (even numbers are never fired—see gun salutes.) heads of state and reigning monarchs each receive 21 guns, while other civilians are saluted in accordance with their protocol status, the lowest being a viceconsul who rates five guns. naval and their equivalent army or air force officers are saluted in accordance with rank. nineteen guns are awarded to british admirals of the fleet and u.s. fleet admirals, chiefs of naval operations, and commandants of the marine corps. seventeen go to admirals, fifteen to vice-admirals, thirteen to rear admirals (upper half in the usn), and eleven to rn commodores and usn rear admirals (lower half ). see also salutes and courtesies.
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Ceremonial, àíãëèéñêèé
Importance, àíãëèéñêèé
Accordance, àíãëèéñêèé
Ñîîòâåòñòâèå
Equivalent, àíãëèéñêèé
- Ýêâèâàëåíò; ýêâèâàëåíòíûé
- Ýêâèâàëåíò (ñîãëàñíî òàê íàçûâàåìîé äîêòðèíå ýêâèâàëåíòîâ, îáúåêò, ïî ñóùåñòâó âûïîëíÿþùèé òó æå ôóíêöèþ òåì æå ñïîñîáîì è îáåñïå÷èâàþùèé îäèíàêîâûé ýôôåêò, ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ýêâèâàëåíòîì)
- Ýêâèâàëåíò (ñîãëàñíî òàê íàçûâàåìîé äîêòðèíå ýêâèâàëåíòîâ, îáúåêò, ïî ñóùåñòâó âûïîëíÿþùèé òó æå
- N ýêâèâàëåíò; ~-lacking áåçýêâèâàëåíòíûé; mono~ ìîíîýêâèâàëåíò; multi-~ ìóëüòèýêâèâàëåíò | a ýêâèâàëåíòíûé translation, word absolute ~ àáñîëþòíûé ýêâèâàëåíò occasional ~ îêêàçèîíàëüíûé ýêâèâàëåíò regular ~ ïîñòîÿííûé ýêâèâàëåíò variable ~ ïåðåìåííûé ýêâèâàëåíò 1 “thunder”, îáðàçîâàííîå îò “thunor”. 2 êðóïíîå ëèòåðàòóðíîå ïðîèçâåäåíèå ýïè÷åñêîãî æàíðà; ñëîæíàÿ, ïðîäîëæèòåëüíàÿ èñòîðèÿ, âêëþ÷àþùàÿ ðàä êðóïíûõ ñîáûòèé. 3 ðàçäåë ôèëîñîôèè, èçó÷àþùèé îñíîâàíèÿ çíàíèÿ. 4 ïîâòîð â êîíöå ñìåæíûõ îòðåçêîâ òåêñòà: “in 1931, ten years ago, japan invaded manchukuo – without warning. in 1935, italy invaded ethiopia – without warning. in 1938, hitler occupied austria – without warning. in 1939, hitler invaded czechoslovakia – without warning. later in 1939, hitler invaded poland – without warning. and now japan has attacked malaya and thailand – and the united states – without warning.” franklin d. roosevelt. 5 äîáàâëåíèå ýòèìîëîãè÷åñêè íå îáóñëîâëåííûõ çâóêîâ â êîíöå ñëîâà.
- Ýêâèâàëåíò || ýêâèâàëåíòíûé
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Person overboard, àíãëèéñêèé
This is the “politically correct” version of the traditional mariner’s cry “man overboard”! the victim may have inadvertently gone over the side after being hit by a spar, tripping on a line, being caught off balance by unexpected movement of the vessel, sliding on a slippery deck, or thrown into the water for any number of other reasons. if it is not possible to reach the victim with a pole, lifebuoy, or hand-thrown line, the vessel must return for rescue and recovery. the following maneuvers allow it to reach the point of the accident as quickly as possible depending on the relative location of the casualty, known as the mob point. • anderson turn: this maneuver is most appropriate in the “immediate action” situation, just after the accident while the mob is still visible from the deck. the rudder is put full over to turn the vessel in a 360° circle. if the person fell over the port side, the rudder is turned to port, and vice versa. this brings the vessel back to the casualty as quickly as possible. the author has found no record of when this turn was invented or who anderson was. • williamson turn: this turn is appropriate in a “delayed action” situation, when the mob is out of sight, but known to be relatively near. it starts like the anderson by turning the rudder towards the side of the accident but, after deviating from the original course by about 60°, the rudder is shifted full to the opposite side to start a forward circle, turning back towards the original course, which the helmsman will ease onto and follow its reciprocal until the casualty is reached. this maneuver was developed in 1943 by lt. john williamson, usnr. • scharnow turn: this one is appropriate in “person missing” circumstances, when the mob has disappeared and probably lies far behind the vessel’s turning radius. it also starts like the anderson, but unlike the williamson continues as a backward circle for about 240°. then the rudder is shifted to the opposite side and the vessel is steered onto the reciprocal of its original course, reaching it much further astern than would be the case with a williamson turn. it was developed after world war ii by professor ulrich scharnow, a maritime expert and author of several books on seamanship. personal 238 • global positioning systems: often have an mob button which can be pressed as soon as the cry reaches the bridge. this immediately records the position at which the accident occurred and gives continuous readings of the mob’s bearing and distance from the ship as it returns to pick up the casualty.
Personal flotation device, àíãëèéñêèé
United states coast guard term for any apparatus designed to keep a wearer afloat with head above water. the term includes all types of such devices from simple life preservers to complex survival suits. uscg rates five versions: • type i—offshore life jacket: suitable for rough open water, especially where rescue may be delayed. this type provides the greatest buoyancy, and automatically turns unconscious wearers into a faceup position with their head out of the water. it is typically jacket-shaped but sleeveless, usually equipped with emergency light and whistle, and has multiple ties and belts for closure. • type ii—near-shore buoyancy vest : for use where quick rescue is likely. it is similar to type i, but with lesser buoyancy and reduced ability to turn an unconscious wearer face upward. usually bright orange for easy sighting. • type iii—flotation aid: best for conscious wearers who can keep their own faces out of the water. typically jacket-style, fitting the wearer closely with many zippers and buckles to close. • type iv—throwable devices: for areas where there is constant boat traffic and rescue is likely to be immediate. commonly ring-shaped and known as lifebuoys, but horseshoe and cushion shapes are also made. it is difficult for an inexperienced rescuer to aim the device properly, especially when throwing in rougher water. • type v—special purpose: intended for specific conditions and activities and to be used only for the designated use. special purpose pfds come in a variety of styles, from full-body suits to work vests. some have a safety harness and provide protection against hypothermia. pfds are also known as life preservers, mae wests, life vests, life savers, life jackets, and life belts.
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