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Economies of density
| Глоссарий по экологии и "зеленой" энергетике |
Generally, economies wherein unit costs are lower in relation to population density. the higher the population density, the lower the likely costs of infrastructure required to provide a service. one example would be the costs associated with providing electricity networks to urban versus rural areas.
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Density, английский
- Stand density
- As applied to timber, density is the mass of wood substance and moisture enclosed within a piece expressed in kilograms per cubic meter. as the mass will vary dependant on the amount of moisture in the piece, density is often expressed at a specified mois
- The weight per unit volume of a substance.
- The ability of a material to absorb light; the darker it is, the higher the density.
- The mass of a unit volume of a substance. its numerical value varies with the units used.
- Плотность
- Плотность; концентрация; удельный вес
- A measure of how tightly packed the atoms of a substance are. measured in grams per cubic centimeter. varies by the mineral or substance. for example, gold has a high density, while quartz has a low density. see also "specific gravity."
- The weight of cargo per cubic foot or other unit.
- In general terms, the measure of the light-gathering power of silver or dye deposits in film. also, the buildup of silver that creates the image in film and paper. a "dense" negative or slide is more opaque than a "thin" one. there is an ideal density for film, one that yields good prints or slides; too little density usually means that the film was underexposed (or underdeveloped), too much means its been overexposed (or overdeveloped).
- As usually applied to wood of normal cellular form, density is the mass per unit volume of wood substance enclosed within the boundary surfaces of a wood-‑plus-‑voids complex
- (1) the weight of a material per unit volume; (2) a measurement of the transparency of a medium, as related to light transmission.
- The degree of aggregation; the quantity of any entity distributed over an area per unit of areal measure, e.g., persons per acre, families per acre, or dwelling units per square mile.
- Плотность вязания
- The weight of a body in comparison with its bulk.
- The weight of water divided by the amount of space it occupies. this is determined by the combined effect of temperature, salinity, and atmospheric pressure. cold, salt-laden water is denser than warmer, fresher water and will sink below it. see density levels.
- The ratio of the mass of any volume of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of a standard substance. for example, water is used as the standard substance to which the ratio of a quantity of a drill mud is compared.
- Having the quality of being dense, hard, or compact.
- Плотность; интенсивность; степень
- In relation to population, the number of individuals in a certain amount of space. absolute d.: number of organisms over unit of volume [1/m3]. relative d.: comparison of relative density, e.g. here more, there less.
- Mass per unit volume usually expressed as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc). also known as specific gravity.
- The degree of darkness of an image. deny (pn)
- The mass per unit volume (usually expressed as grams per cubic centimeter). (also see specific gravity.) dent: on a loom, the space between the wires of a reed. deregistering (crimp): process of disordering or disaligning the crimp in a tow band to produce bulk. (also see threaded-roll process.)
- Quantity or mass per unit volume, unit area or unit length. energy density is the amount of energy per unit volume or mass (for example, the heating value of a litre of oil). power density is typically understood as the capacity deliverable of solar, wind, biomass, hydropower or ocean power per unit area (watts/m). for batteries the capacity per unit weight (watts/kg) is used. direct solar energy - see solar energy
- The mass of the substance per unit volume, usually specified at standard temperature and pressure
- The mass of liquid per unit of a substance at 15°c.
- Mass per unit volume.
- (1) in radiographic testing, degree of x-ray film darkness as a result of exposure as measured with a densitometer. (2) material property of mass per unit volume.
- Material property of mass per unit volume.
- Mass per unit volume, measured in kilograms per cubic meter (kg·m–3).
- Reference to the weight of foam used for seat and back cushions; either low density or high density.
Density, французский
Measured in grams per cubic centimeter (or kilograms per liter); the density of water is 1.0; iron is 7.9; lead is 11.3.
Density (d), английский
By definition, the log (1/t) where t is transparency. the value of d depends
Density (in situ), английский
Density (swollen), английский
Density -, английский
Плотностный каротаж
Density altitude, английский
Высота по плотности
Density apparent, английский
Density at relieving conditions, английский
Density change, английский
Density charge, английский
Density comparison strip (rt), английский
Alternative term for step-wedge comparison film.
Density contrast, английский
Density control, английский
The control of the density of concrete in field construction to ensure that specified values, as determined by standard tests, are obtained.
Density current, английский
See turbidity current.
Density currents, pi, английский
Плотностные потоки
Density function, английский
Функция плотности
Density gradient, английский
- Градиент плотности; градиент концентрации
- The change in density of a radiographic film at a particular film density per unit change in the logarithm of the exposure received by the film. the maximum density gradient of a film is usually called gamma.
Density identification area, английский
Density levels, английский
Ocean waters can be divided into three layers, depending on their density. at the top is the surface or mixed zone. this is unstable due to atmospheric interference. for example, evaporation could increase its salinity, or a cold front could reduce its temperature. in the middle is a transition zone known as the pycnocline layer (greek pycno = dense + cline = slope). this forms a barrier between the layers above and below, allowing little movement between them. at the bottom is the deepwater zone, which is cold, saline, dense and more or less stable, never interacting with the atmosphere (except in polar regions where the pycnocline is not always present).
Density log, английский
This radioactivity contact log responds to variations in the specific gravity of formations by emitting neurtrons and measuring the secondary gamma radiation from the detector to the instrument. this is particularly helpful when measuring porosity in shaley sands.
Population, английский
- A definable set of individual units to which the findings from statistical examination of a sample subset are intended to be applied. the population will generally much outnumber the sample. in re-randomisation statistics the process of applying inference
- See stock.
- A collection of units being studied. units can be people, places, objects, epochs, drugs, procedures, or many other things. much of statistics is concerned with estimating numerical properties (parameters) of an entire population from a random sample of units from the population.
- A group or number of people living within a specified area or sharing similar characteristics (such as occupation or age).
- Население; народонаселение; генеральная совокупность (в выборочном наблюдении); популяция (биол)
- Население
- 1. the number of people living in a country or town population statistics show that the birth rate is slowing down. the government has decided to screen the whole population of the area. 2. the number of patients in hospital the hospital population in the area has fallen below 10,000.
- Популяция
- Население; популяция -
- Популяция. в клинических исследованиях совокупность субъектов, обладающих какими-либо одинаковыми признаками (пол, возраст, диагноз).
- Население; популяция
- Any group of individuals, usually of a single species, occupying a given area at the same time; groups of organisms with homologue (same) alleles. p. cycle: changes in the numbers of individuals in a population which repeatedly oscillate between periods of high and low density. p. density: allowing a mathematically precise reflection - pd. • absolute: pd = number of individuals/unit area or volume [1/m2] or [1/m3] • relative: pd allows only a simple comparison (pd <, =, >, ? etc.). p. dynamics: the variations in time and space in the sizes and densities of populations; distribution due to changing food resources - the stability of a population depends upon abiotic factors, intraspecific competition (density dependent), natality, mortality etc. p. ecology: the study of the variations in time and space in the sizes and densities of populations, and of the factors causing those variations. p. fluctuation: variations over time in the size of a population. p. growth: is zero, when the birth rate equals the death rate (see carrying capacity). nt+1 = nt + r nt, current number of individuals r = (natality + immigration) - (mortality+emigration) r, intrinsic rate of growth (see density) p. pyramid: a means of illustrating the age structure of a population diagrammatically, by placing the youngest age class at the base and stacking successive age classes above it. p. regulation : a tendency in a population for some factor to cause density to increase when it is low and to decrease nt, momentary number of individuals when it is high. n0, number of individuals at start
- Generally, a collection of individuals with common characteristics. in statistics, a potentially infinite collection of independent (->independence) units that include all units of a specified type with attention paid only to the agggregate (->aggregation) property of the collection. a sample of data drawn from this population is a subset of the units constituting this population and scientific generalizations from such samples are limited by the size of the population originally specified (->model, ->representation).
- The process of scanning content to compile and maintain an index.
- Fish of the same species inhabiting a specified geographic area.
Infrastructure, французский
See railway civil infrastructure; electrical infrastructure; signalling and telecommunications infrastructure.
Associated, английский
- Соответствующий; связанный; присоединенный
- Experiencing through your own senses (seeing through your own eyes, hearing with your own ears, feeling with your own feelings.)
Electricity, английский
- Электричество
- Energy resulting from the flow of charge particles, such as electrons or ions.
- The movement of electrons (a subatomic particle), produced by a voltage, through a conductor.
- Energy resulting from the flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions.
- The fl ow of passing charge through a conductor, driven by a difference in voltage between the ends of the conductor. electrical power is generated by work from heat in a gas or steam turbine or from wind, oceans or falling water, or produced directly from sunlight using a photovoltaic device or chemically in a fuel cell. being a current, electricity cannot be stored and requires wires and cables for its transmission (see grid). because electric current fl ows immediately, the demand for electricity must be matched by production in real time.
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Raps (remote area power supply), английский
A power generation system used to provide electricity to remote and rural homes, usually generating power from renewable sources such as solar panels and wind generators, as well as non-renewable sources such as petrol-powered generators. a raps is a form of independant power supply system.
Monopsony, английский
- A market where a single consumer of a service or good has sufficient market power to dictate the price of that good or service. one example of such a situation can occur in the electricity sector if the sector has only one main buyer of electricity.
- The existence of only one buyer in a market, forcing sellers to accept a lower price than the socially optimal price.
- A market with only one buyer (single customer). an unregulated monopolist will undersupply a product (to increase the price), halting production where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. similarly, a monopsonist will purchase less of a product to decrease the price it has to pay, to where its marginal expenditure just equals the marginal benefit from an additional unit of the good or service.
- Монопсония (монополия единственного покупателя определенного товара)
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