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External costs
| Глоссарий терминов коммунальных услуг |
Negative spillover effects of production or consumption for which no compensation is paid, e.g., a polluted stream that damages the health of those living near the stream. if these are added to the private costs we get the total social costs.
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Внешние издержки, русский
- Издержки производства, которые фирма перекладывает на другие предприятия или общество в целом. в первую очередь, эти издержки относятся к загрязнению окружающей среды, затраты на очищение которой вынуждено брать на себя общество.
- Отрицательные внешние эффекты производства или потребления, которые не компенсируются в денежном выражении, например, стоки загрязняющих веществ, которые вредят здоровью жителей, живущих вблизи них. при суммировании их с частными издержками мы получаем совокупные общественные издержки.
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Cost, английский
- Of activities, both direct and indirect, involving any negative impact, including money, time, labour, disruption, goodwill, political and intangible losses
- Стоимость, выраженная в деньгах или ресурсах;
- Себестоимость (в смп) ;издержки; затраты (в снс) в отношении совокупности; «себестоимость» в снс используется лишь применительно к отдельным продуктам; стоимость, см. value; price
- Purchase price paid for property or the value of the exchange for which property is given.
- See: utility. cottrel-munro-zipser technique see: principal components analysis.
- Издержки
- The consumption of resources such as labour time, capital, materials, fuels, etc. as the consequence of an action. in economics, all resources are valued at their opportunity cost, which is the value of the most valuable alternative use of the resources. costs are defi ned in a variety of ways and under a variety of assumptions that affect their value. the negative of costs are benefi ts and often both are considered together, for example, net cost is the difference between gross costs and benefi ts. private costs are carried by individuals, companies or other entities that undertake the action. social costs include additionally the external costs for the environment and for society as a whole, for example, damage costs of impacts on ecosystems, economies and people due to climate change. total cost includes all costs due to a specifi c activity; average (unit, specifi c) cost is total costs divided by the number of units generated; marginal or incremental cost is the cost of the last additional unit. project costs of a renewable energy project include investment cost (costs, discounted to the starting year of the project, of making the renewable energy device ready to commence production); operation and maintenance (o&m) costs (which occur during operation of the renewable energy facility); and decommissioning costs (which occur once the device has ceased production to restore the state of the site of production). lifecycle costs include all of the above discounted to the starting year of a project. levelized cost of energy (see annex ii) is the unique cost price of the outputs (us cent/kwh or usd/gj) of a project that makes the annex i glossary, acronyms, chemical symbols and prefi xes present value of the revenues (benefi ts) equal to the present value of the costs over the lifetime of the project. see also discounting and present value. there are many more categories of costs labelled with names that are often unclear and confusing, for example, installation costs may refer to the hardware equipment installed, or to the activities to put the equipment in place. cost–benefi t analysis: monetary measurement of all negative and positive impacts associated with a given action. costs and benefi ts are compared in terms of their difference and/or ratio as an indicator of how a given investment or other policy effort pays off seen from the society’s point of view. cost-effectiveness analysis: a reduction of cost–benefi t analysis in which all the costs of a portfolio of projects are assessed in relation to a fi xed policy goal. the policy goal in this case represents the benefi ts of the projects and all the other impacts are measured as costs or as negative costs (benefi ts). the policy goal can be, for example, realizing particular renewable energy potentials.
Cost, английский
Coût;prix de revient
Cost, английский
Cost, английский
Cost (o), английский
Rib
Cost -, английский
Договор с оплатой фактических затрат [издержек]
Cost accounting, английский
- Калькуляция
- Калькулирование себестоимости; калькуляция себестоимости
- Аналитический бухгалтерский учет, калькуляция стоимости
- Ведение отчетности; исчисление стоимости cost-based budgets расходная часть бюджета cost-based optimizer оптимизатор доступа к базе данных; оптимизатор, использующий метод наименьшей стоимости cost-benefit analysis анализ по критерию "затраты-выгода" cost-benefit indicator коэффициент затрат и выгод cost-benefit ratio отношение "затраты-выгода"
- The branch of accounting concerned with identifying and evaluating the cost of producing a product.
- A branch of accounting that provides information to help the management of a firm evaluate production costs and efficiency.
- Коммерческий расчет
Cost accountings production on profit-and-loee basis; self-support, английский
Cost accumulation method, английский
The method used to classify and allocate transformation costs.
Cost activity, английский
Оплачиваемая работа
Cost adjustment, английский
On a construction project, a change (for any reason) in the total contract cost which is agreed to by the owner, the architect, and the contractor. cost-benefit analysis an analysis of a construction contract with the objective of identifying all the included costs and evaluating their benefits.
Cost adjustment amount, английский
The sum of the differences between the original purchase price of the goods and the final price, which includes any additional item charges, revaluation, or rounding amounts.
Cost allocation, английский
- Распределение затрат
- Отнесение затрат
Cost analysis, английский
Стоимостный анализ применяется для оценки стоимости полной или частичной иммунизации одного ребенка или взрослого, а также программы иммунизации в целом.
Cost and freight, английский
- Цена, включающая стоимость и фрахт
- Cfr
Cost and freight (cfr), английский
Seller is responsible for the payment of freight to carry goods to a named destination, as agreed with the buyer. this should be used with ocean shipments only, as the point where risk and responsibility pass from seller to buyer is the rail of the carrying vessel.
Cost and freight (incoterms), английский
Стоимость и фрахт
Cost and freight, c.&f.,c.&f., английский
Стоимость [издержки] и фрахт; каф... (название согласованного порта назначения). разновидность базисных условий поставки (продажи), применяемых при морских перевозках грузов: в цену реализуемого сырья (нефти, газа, угля и т.п.) включаются расходы по его п
Cost and freight, с.&f., английский
Cost and operational effectiveness analysis, английский
Анализ стоимости и боевой эффективности (системы оружия)
Cost approach, английский
Подход к решению задачи с помощью стоимостного сетевого графика
Production, английский
- Refers to a person acting more dramtic than they would in a show, making the situation epic. example after tasha got up, she caused even more of a scene by throwing her purse on the ground, punching her boyfriend, and stomping into a store. what she did was a production.
- Добыча. извлечение полезного ископаемого из недр.
- Производство
- Производство, продукция (наряду с материальными благами продукция включает только те виды услуг, которые могут рассматриваться как реализуемые: к ним относятся услуги, предоставляемые так называемыми лицами свободных профессий; остальные услуги из состава продукции исключаются; в снс)
- N 1 продуцирование, порождение, производство (син. generation); 2 фон. произношение (производство звука ) 1 обработка документов, созданных на естественном языке, а также разработка методов, технологий и конкретных систем, обеспечиваю- щих общение человека с пк на естественном или ограниченном есте- ственном языке. language ~ когн. продуцирование, порожде- ние речи (син. language generation, speech production; см. тж. speech generation; text to speech system) speech ~ порождение речи (син. language generation, language ~; см. тж. speech generation; text to speech system)
- For obtaining the benefits of trading with our colonies, it is necessary that the goods be accompanied by a “certificate of production” in the manner required by marine law. (see origin.)
- Производство, изготовление
- A rule that processes input and produces a sequence of terminal and non-terminal symbols, which can also be passed to further productions. the rules that a compiler or an expert system uses are often called productions. see also: non-terminal symbol, terminal symbol.
- Any process of synthesis, transformation or destruction realized in a space of interacting components that results not merely in the emission of signals or arrangement of characters, but as in a computer or a clockwork in material entities which are capable of interacting with other entities possibly including with the components that produced them. (->autopoiesis, ->allopoiesis)
- The process of creating usable goods from raw materials and/or parts.
- In the context of project financing, a defined portion of the proceeds of production up to a dollar amount.
- The output of goods and services.
- Добыча. извлечение полезного ископаемого из недр. производ- ство. объем добычи или производства.
- Term used to describe the process of extracting, preparing, storing, and delivering well oils.
- The phase of the petroleum industry that deals with bringing the well fluids to the surface and separating them and with storing, gauging, and otherwise preparing the product for the pipeline.
Consumption, английский
- Потребление (в смп; различают производственное и непроизводственное потребление; последнее подразделяется на фонд личного потребления и материальные затраты в непроизводственных учреждениях; в снс выделяют промежуточное потребление, частное потребление — расходы домашних хозяйств и частных некоммерческих организаций на потребление, и государственное текущее потребление)
- 1. the act of taking food or liquid into the body the patient’s increased consumption of alcohol 2. a former name for pulmonary tuberculosis
- Потребление
- Потребление; расход
- Потребление, расход; затрата
- The items used, time spent and costs incurred during servicing that are not included in the invoice to the customer.
Compensation, английский
- Компенсация
- Changes made in the dimensions of the master artwork/phototool from
- 1. something which makes something else seem less bad or less serious 2. an amount of money or something else given to pay for loss or damage the drugs caused him to develop breathing problems, so he thinks he’s entitled to medical compensation. 3. the act of giving money to pay for loss or damage compensation for loss of a limb 4. a situation where the body helps to correct a problem in a particular organ by making another organ, or the undamaged parts of the same organ, function at a higher level 5. behaviour that emphasises a particular ability or personality characteristic in order to make the lack of another one seem less bad
- N компенсация
- Компенсация возмещение (ремедиум), на которое имеет право страна-член вто в случаях, когда другой член вто нарушает взятые на себя обязательства по предоставлению услуг или облагает товар пошлинами выше связанных ставок таможенного тарифа
- If a detained vessel is lost by the negligence and misconduct of the prize-master, compensation must be rendered, and the actual captors are responsible. the principal being answerable in law for the agent`s acts.
- A group of actions designed to undo or mitigate the effect of a committed transaction.
- Direct or indirect monetary and nonmonentary rewards in exchange for services rendered, or an award for damages sustained by an injury or by the violation of a contract.
- Arrangement under which the delivery of goods to a party is paid for by buying back a certain amount of the product from the recipient of the goods.
- The ways in which speakers may compensate for a lack of language skills and knowledge. see coping strategies.
- Salary and benefits
- Salary and benefits everything that an employee receives for working, including pay and non-monetary benefits
- Compensation is the amount of money that an employee receives in exchange for his or her services. compensation includes wages, salary, bonuses, and other benefits.
- A monetary benefit that is provided by employers to attract and retain qualified workers. compensation can include salary, bonuses, health insurance benefits, paid time off, retirement plans, tuition reimbursement programs, and more.
- Pay structures within an organization. it can be linked to employee appraisal. compensation is effectively managed if performance is measured adequately.
- The total amount of the monetary and non-monetary pay provided to an employee by an employer in return for work performed. this could include things like benefits, car allowance, performance bonus, gym membership, as well as a regular pay cheque.
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Collective bargaining, английский
- Negotiations between trade unions and employers regarding wages and working conditions.
- Переговоры между предпринимателями и профсоюзами о заключении коллективного договора col – com
- One or more unions meeting with representatives from an organization to negotiate labor contracts.
Diseconomies of scope, английский
Multi-product production by a single firm that is less efficient than having separate firms each specializing in the production of a single product.
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