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Cooperatives
| Глоссарий терминов коммунальных услуг |
Public utilities that provide service on a not for profit basis to a group of consumers. rural cooperatives have provided electricity, telephone, and other services to citizens areas with low population density.
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Кооперативы, русский
Коммунальные предприятия, которые предоставляют услуги группе потребителей на некоммерческой основе. сельские кооперативы предоставляют электроэнегретические, телефонные и другие услуги для жителей малонаселенных местностей.
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Electricity, английский
- Электричество
- Energy resulting from the flow of charge particles, such as electrons or ions.
- The movement of electrons (a subatomic particle), produced by a voltage, through a conductor.
- Energy resulting from the flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions.
- The fl ow of passing charge through a conductor, driven by a difference in voltage between the ends of the conductor. electrical power is generated by work from heat in a gas or steam turbine or from wind, oceans or falling water, or produced directly from sunlight using a photovoltaic device or chemically in a fuel cell. being a current, electricity cannot be stored and requires wires and cables for its transmission (see grid). because electric current fl ows immediately, the demand for electricity must be matched by production in real time.
Population, английский
- A definable set of individual units to which the findings from statistical examination of a sample subset are intended to be applied. the population will generally much outnumber the sample. in re-randomisation statistics the process of applying inference
- See stock.
- A collection of units being studied. units can be people, places, objects, epochs, drugs, procedures, or many other things. much of statistics is concerned with estimating numerical properties (parameters) of an entire population from a random sample of units from the population.
- A group or number of people living within a specified area or sharing similar characteristics (such as occupation or age).
- Население; народонаселение; генеральная совокупность (в выборочном наблюдении); популяция (биол)
- Население
- 1. the number of people living in a country or town population statistics show that the birth rate is slowing down. the government has decided to screen the whole population of the area. 2. the number of patients in hospital the hospital population in the area has fallen below 10,000.
- Популяция
- Население; популяция -
- Популяция. в клинических исследованиях совокупность субъектов, обладающих какими-либо одинаковыми признаками (пол, возраст, диагноз).
- Население; популяция
- Any group of individuals, usually of a single species, occupying a given area at the same time; groups of organisms with homologue (same) alleles. p. cycle: changes in the numbers of individuals in a population which repeatedly oscillate between periods of high and low density. p. density: allowing a mathematically precise reflection - pd. • absolute: pd = number of individuals/unit area or volume [1/m2] or [1/m3] • relative: pd allows only a simple comparison (pd <, =, >, ? etc.). p. dynamics: the variations in time and space in the sizes and densities of populations; distribution due to changing food resources - the stability of a population depends upon abiotic factors, intraspecific competition (density dependent), natality, mortality etc. p. ecology: the study of the variations in time and space in the sizes and densities of populations, and of the factors causing those variations. p. fluctuation: variations over time in the size of a population. p. growth: is zero, when the birth rate equals the death rate (see carrying capacity). nt+1 = nt + r nt, current number of individuals r = (natality + immigration) - (mortality+emigration) r, intrinsic rate of growth (see density) p. pyramid: a means of illustrating the age structure of a population diagrammatically, by placing the youngest age class at the base and stacking successive age classes above it. p. regulation : a tendency in a population for some factor to cause density to increase when it is low and to decrease nt, momentary number of individuals when it is high. n0, number of individuals at start
- Generally, a collection of individuals with common characteristics. in statistics, a potentially infinite collection of independent (->independence) units that include all units of a specified type with attention paid only to the agggregate (->aggregation) property of the collection. a sample of data drawn from this population is a subset of the units constituting this population and scientific generalizations from such samples are limited by the size of the population originally specified (->model, ->representation).
- The process of scanning content to compile and maintain an index.
- Fish of the same species inhabiting a specified geographic area.
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Tendering, английский
Putting out a request for proposal to have an external party provide needed services or equipment. the purpose is to promote competition, thus reducing the input price. the process can also involve the sale of assets or licenses by the party issuing the announcement. here, the objective is to maximize the sale price or to achieve some other objective-such as expansion of network services.
Sector policy, английский
Public policy establishes the legal constraints facing decision-makers and determines the jurisdictional responsibilities of different levels of government. the basic rationale is that market imperfections (market power and information gaps) and market failures (such as pollution) require some form of government intervention. infrastructure policies tend to address three broad areas: market structure, corporate behavior, and sector performance. antitrust regulation addresses mergers and anticompetitive behavior in the economy (including the exercise of market power). sector policy tends to address those elements of the market structure (including the supply chain) that are viewed as natural monopolies. government tends to intervene when economic or social problems affecting or originating from the sector catch the attention of those involved in political processes.
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