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Cybernetics
| Глоссарий по робототехнике |
- Кибернетика
- N кибернетика cycle n цикл transformational ~ трансформационный цикл cyclop(a)edia
- A term, coined by norman weiner, used to signify the study of control mechanisms in machines and biological organisms. it is derived from the greek word for steersman. its latin equivalent gave rise to such terms as governor and government.
- The term derives from the greek word for steersman. initially, the science of control and communication in the animal and the machine (wiener). before this modern definition, the science of government (ampere). now an interdisciplinary approach to organization, irrespective of a system`s material realization. whereas general systems theory is committed to holism on the one side and to an effort to generalize structural, behavioral and developmental features of living organisms on the other side, cybernetics is committed to an epistemological perspective that views material wholes as analysable without loss, in terms of a set of components plus their organization (->epistemolgy, ->analysis, ->system). organization accounts for how the components of such a system interact with one another, and how this interaction determines and changes its structure. it explains the difference between parts and wholes and is described without reference to their material forms. the disinterest of cybernetics in material implications separates it from all sciences that designate their empirical domain by subject matters such ~s physics, biology, sociology, engineering and general systems theory. its epistemological focus on organization, pattern and communication has generated methodologies, (->methodology) a logic, laws, theories and insights that are unique to cybernetics and have wideranging implications in other fields of inquiry. in cybernetics, theories tend to rest on four basic pillars
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Кибернетика, русский
- (от греч. kybernetike [techne] – искусство управления) – наука о самоуправляющихся машинах, в частности о машинах с электронным управлением («электронный мозг»). кибернетика получила самое широкое распространение в последней трети 20 в. и сейчас находит широкое применение также в биологии и социологии. «отец кибернетики» амер. ученый норберт винер в труде «кибернетика, или управление и связь в животном и машине» (1948) показал, что человеческий мозг действует наподобие электронных вычислительных машин с двоичной системой исчисления.
- (от греч . kybernetike - искусство управления), наука об управлении, связи и переработке информации. основной объект исследования - т. н. кибернетические системы, рассматриваемые абстрактно, вне зависимости от их материальной природы. примеры кибернетических систем - автоматические регуляторы в технике, эвм, человеческий мозг, биологические популяции, человеческое общество. каждая такая система представляет собой множество взаимосвязанных объектов (элементов системы), способных воспринимать, запоминать и перерабатывать информацию, а также обмениваться ею. современная кибернетика состоит из ряда разделов, представляющих собой самостоятельные научные направления. теоретическое ядро кибернетики составляют информации теория, теория алгоритмов, теория автоматов, исследование операций, теория оптимального управления, теория распознавания образов. кибернетика разрабатывает общие принципы создания систем управления и систем для автоматизации умственного труда. основные технические средства для решения задач кибернетики - эвм. поэтому возникновение кибернетики как самостоятельной науки (н. винер, 1948) связано с созданием в 40-х гг. 20 в. этих машин, а развитие кибернетики в теоретических и практических аспектах - с прогрессом электронной вычислительной техники
- Наука об управлении, связи и обработке информации
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Transformational, английский
A транс- формационный ambiguity, analysis, component, cycle, equivalence, grammar, history, rule
Mechanisms, английский
Biological, английский
Биологический
Equivalent, английский
- Эквивалент; эквивалентный
- Эквивалент (согласно так называемой доктрине эквивалентов, объект, по существу выполняющий ту же функцию тем же способом и обеспечивающий одинаковый эффект, считается эквивалентом)
- Эквивалент (согласно так называемой доктрине эквивалентов, объект, по существу выполняющий ту же
- N эквивалент; ~-lacking безэквивалентный; mono~ моноэквивалент; multi-~ мультиэквивалент | a эквивалентный translation, word absolute ~ абсолютный эквивалент occasional ~ окказиональный эквивалент regular ~ постоянный эквивалент variable ~ переменный эквивалент 1 “thunder”, образованное от “thunor”. 2 крупное литературное произведение эпического жанра; сложная, продолжительная история, включающая рад крупных событий. 3 раздел философии, изучающий основания знания. 4 повтор в конце смежных отрезков текста: “in 1931, ten years ago, japan invaded manchukuo – without warning. in 1935, italy invaded ethiopia – without warning. in 1938, hitler occupied austria – without warning. in 1939, hitler invaded czechoslovakia – without warning. later in 1939, hitler invaded poland – without warning. and now japan has attacked malaya and thailand – and the united states – without warning.” franklin d. roosevelt. 5 добавление этимологически не обусловленных звуков в конце слова.
- Эквивалент || эквивалентный
Government, английский
- N управление ~ and binding (theory) управление и связыва- ние (концепция )
- Generally means the constitution of our country as exercised under the legislature of king or queen, lords, and commons.
- The acts, rules, procedures, instruments of power and institutions by which the citizens of a country (or more generally the parts of a system) communicate with (->communication) and exert control upon each other so that the country as a whole maintains its unity and is directed toward ends chosen from within that country (->self-organization, ->autonomy). its opposite is laissez faire. in the reality of politics, government is rarely uniformly distributed and constituted (->constitution) instead in a ruling elite, exercising institutional control over those governed. this unequal distribution of government is particularly prevalent in technical realisations. e.g., the governor of a steam engine, computer control of a production process. in biology, such control hierachies (->hierarchy) rarely exist which suggest that they may be an outgrowth of rational constuctions not a fact of nature. qeafh
- An app category that facilitates engagement with government or politics.
Communication, английский
- Связь; связной
- (кан.) решение экспертизы
- N коммуни- кация; процесс передачи информации; mis~ недопонимание, непонимание | attr. комму- никативный disorder, impairment, strategy cross-cultural (intercultural) ~ межкультурная коммуникация non-verbal ~ невербальная, неречевая комму- никация verbal ~ вербальная, речевая коммуникация
- Передача (распространение) информации процесс информирования населения.
- Corresponding by letter, hail, or signal. (see line of communication and boyaux.)
- Loosely, the transmission of structure across systems differentiated in time and in space, the process by which one mind affects another, interaction mediated by signals, symbols or messages. more formally and in cybernetics, communication is that construct an observer requires when he cannot take a dynamic system apart without loss (->ana~ysis), yet wants to distinguish, understand and say something about that system`s parts, variables or members, or alternatively, when he wants to explain the behavior of anyone of its parts yet cannot accomplish this adequately without reference to other parts of the system. communication ~s what integrates and distinguishes the participation of individuals in such wholes as groups, communities, societies. a more detailed analysis of communication processes reveals that they involve patterns that convey information, are subjected to numerous constraints and are describable in terms of transformations, including encoding, decoding, (->coding), transmission, and distortions due to the characteristics of a channel. historically, communication. was thought of as a binary relation between a sender and a receiver. modern conceptions of communication include complex networks possibly with feedback loops having the effect of memory, coordination, and coorientation and exhibiting dynamic properties not manifest in, and explainable by, reference to the properties of the.communicators involved (->constructivism). communications (plural
Definition, английский
- The fidelity of a television system to the original scene.
- Also called resolution. the fidelity with which detail is reproduced by a television system ranging from a fuzzy to a sharp appearance.
- The fidelity of reproduction of the pattern edge relative to the original master
- N дефиниция, определе- ние
- A verbal representation of a concept which serves to differentiate it from related concepts and allows humans to recognize and agree on the concept.
- Description of linear demarcation sensitivity or the detail sharpness of object outline in a radiologic test image. it is a function of screen type, exposure geometry, radiation energy, and characteristics sensor (such as film).
- Описание чувствительности к линейной демаркации или четкости контуров объекта на радиологическом контрольном изображении. это зависит от типа экрана, геометрии экспозиции, энергии излучения и характеристик датчика (например, пленки).
Interdisciplinary, английский
Organization, английский
- Организация
- N организация lexical ~ лексическая организация orientational a ориентационный metaphor
- Европейская организация производства товарного бетона
- Организация ~ of safety обеспечение безопасности (на производстве); меры по технике безопасности ~ of work организация работ
- Has at least three meanings (1) the act of arranging components to form a pattern different from what would occur by chance, by some criterion or better than it was before (->coordination) e.g., conducting a political campaign; (2) a complex complementary conditionality in behavior or in the coexistence of physical or living components (ashby) as in an ecological system or in such social organizations as a family, a university or a government agency being constituted by its members through conventional rules of conduct, legally recognized and interacted with by observers or by other social organizations; (3) the relations, and processes of communication, including coordination and coorientation among the components or variables of a system that (a) determine the dynamics of interaction and transformations it may undergo in a physical space and (b) constitute (->constitution) its unity whether only for an observer (->allopoiesis) or also for itself (->autopoiesis). in this third and largely cybernetic meaning, the properties of the components that realize a system as a concrete physical entity do not enter the description of that system`s organization. it follows that machines, organisms and social forms of vastly different materiality and components may have the same organization. accordingly, a whole system 56 may be explained in terms of the properties of its components and its organization (->analysis). the use to which a particular system may be put or who created it in the first place is not a feature of its organization. a theory of design (including engineering), management and of (concrete) organizational behavior is concerned with (1). a theory of organizations concerns (2) and attempts to provide generalizations about how cells, or organisms interact or how and why people work together and form larger unities (->general systems theory). cybernetics is concerned and has in fact been considered coextensive with an organization theory which concerns (3) and attempts to provide theories of or a logic for how unities and whole systems can arise or be maintained through the forms of communication (and more complex kinds of interactions and interdependencies) among components without reference to their materiality. the theory of modelling is a direct outgrowth of this organization concept. like cybernetics generally, an organization theory is not disturbed by the possibility that some organizations may not be realized by man or by nature but it will be informed by the finding that they cannot exist (ashby).
- A work structure that divides the responsibility for economic resources and processes.
- The top level of a business hierarchy.
Irrespective, английский
Realization, английский
- N реализация overt ~ явная реализация
- A legal concept referring to a time when rights have become legally receivable or obligations have become legally payable.
- The production of an object or system according to specific instructions, plans or programs (->information), e.g., building a house according to blueprints, replicating a scientific experiment published previously, cooking by recipe, realizing an artistic idea. 63
- The number of hours that the contact worked during a time period that are billable, that is, the sum of all hours on all time slips during the period that were billable.
Generalize, английский
Обобщать
Structural, английский
- Структурный; конструктивный
- Said of a load-bearing member, element, etc., of a building.
- A структурный analysis, class, description, linguistics, metaphor, order, phonologist, phonology, series, signal, system
Behavioral, английский
- Характеризующий поведение
- A амер., псхл. поведен- ческий flexibility, repertoire
- Поведенческий
Developmental, английский
- Связанный с ростом, развитием
- A относящийся к развитию disorder, error, psycholinguistics deviance n неправильность, аномальность, от- клонение от нормы (тж. deviation)
Perspective, английский
- A point of view or standpoint from which historical events, problems and issues can be analysed, eg a gender perspective (either masculine or feminine) on the past
- N перспектива sentence ~ сила (перспектива) предложения functional ~ ~ актуальное членение пред- ложения; коммуникативная (информаци- онная) структура предложения, тема- рематическая структура
- The old term for a hand telescope. also, the science by which objects are delineated according to their natural appearance and situation.
- Перспектива
- A user-defined subset of a cube, whereas a view is a user-defined subset of tables and columns in a relational database.
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Kineopsis, английский
Кинеопсис
Qualificator, английский
- Квалификатор
- Уточнитель; квалификатор
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