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Had been divided into two grades
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Warrant officers and chief (commissioned) warrant officers and their ranks included technical trades such as telegraphist, wardrobe 350 electrician, shipwright, and artificer. except in ships too small to have a separate mess, wos and cwos dined alone rather than in the wardroom. wos and cwos carried swords, were saluted by ratings, and ranked between sub-lieutenants and midshipmen. in 1949, all existing warrant officers were commissioned in regular and senior grades, with titles reflecting their specialty (commissioned gunner, senior commissioned engineer, etc.), the former ranking with but behind sub-lieutenant, and the latter with but after lieutenant. the wos messes closed down, and they were admitted to the wardroom. collectively these officers were known as “branch officers,” being retitled “special duties” officers in 1956. in 1970 the new warranted rate of fleet chief petty officer was introduced, being re-named warrant officer a few years later. in 2004, the title changed again to warrant officer first class (wo.1) and the former charge chief petty officer was designated warrant officer second class (wo.2). both are senior non-commissioned officers, entitled to be addressed as “sir” or “ma’am” by subordinates, but not saluted. warrant officers in the united states navy: technical specialists were appointed as warrant officers, starting with a purser in december 1775, and more or less followed the british pattern through the 19th century. navy and coast guard warrant officers held positions as boatswains, carpenters, chaplains, masters mates, and surgeons. nowadays, there are no “warrant officers” in the u.s. navy, all being “chief warrant officers,” who are commissioned and entitled to the corresponding courtesies and privileges. a sailor must be in one of the top three enlisted ranks to be eligible to become a cwo. even when commissioned, they remain limited duty specialists, whose primary task is to serve as a technical experts, providing practical skills, guidance, and expertise to commanders and organizations in their particular field. nevertheless, a cwo can command a detachment, unit, or even a vessel, and many fill lieutenant and lieutenant commander billets throughout the u.s. navy.
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Electrician, àíãëèéñêèé
- (òåõíèê-)ýëåêòðèê
- Union that handles installation of all electrical equipment.
Shipwright, àíãëèéñêèé
- A person who designs, builds, and repairs ships, especially wooden ones .
- Êîðàáëåñòðîèòåëü, êîðàáåë
- A builder of ships. the art of bending planks by fire is attributed to pyrrhon, the lydian, who made boats of several configurations.
- [1] one who builds and launches wooden ships. [2] a ship’s carpenter skilled in the repair of wooden or steel vessels.
Reflecting, àíãëèéñêèé
Lieutenant, àíãëèéñêèé
[1] a deputy or substitute (latin locum tenens = in place of ). [2] a junior naval or military officer. [3] used in combination with another military title denotes an officer of the next lower rank (e.g., lieutenant-general). this is one of the oldest military titles, and in naval use can be traced back to the twelfth century when a sailing master had full command of the ship, while the captain was responsible for embarked soldiers, with a non-commissioned lieutenant as his military deputy. by about 1580 the captain had assumed command of the ship, with the master as a subordinate responsible for shiphandling and navigation. the lieutenant was expected to replace the captain in case of death or incapacitation, but was still non-commissioned, being appointed with no official rank. some 50 years later, naval lieutenants had evolved beyond their purely military role to become professional commissioned sea officers. in about 1677, shortly after his appointment as secretary of the admiralty, samuel pepys introduced formal examinations which had to be passed to qualify for a third lieutenant’s commission. thereafter advancement depended entirely on seniority. third and second lieutenants each had specific shipboard duties in addition to their prime responsibilities of standing watch and commanding a division of guns in battle (see separate entry for first lieutenant). in the days of rated warships, a first-rate normally carried seven to nine lieutenants (one first, one or two seconds, and five or six thirds). the complement diminished with the vessel’s rating (for example a third-rate had five lieutenants, while a sixth rate had only two). nowadays, a naval lieutenant is senior to lieutenant (jg) or sublieutenant, and junior to lieutenant commander. at its inception in 1775, the continental navy essentially adopted the then current royal navy rank structure, including that of lieutenant (see table 15). an army or marine lieutenant is senior to second lieutenant and junior to captain. pronunciation is loo-tenant in america. until world war ii all british commonwealth navies said let-enant, but the influx of temporary non-career officers overwhelmed that tradition and substituted the army’s lef-tenant, the former pronunciation being retained only by the canadian armed forces maritime command. lieutenant-at-arms: formerly, a warship’s most junior lieutenant, responsible for assisting the master- at-arms in training seamen to handle small arms.
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Warship, àíãëèéñêèé
An armed vessel, designed for combat, under the command of an officer commissioned by a national government, crewed by personnel under armed forces discipline, and bearing markings or an ensign identifying its nationality.
Warrant officers in the royal navy, àíãëèéñêèé
The warrant rank was inaugurated in 1040 when, in return for certain privileges, the “cinque ports” began providing warships to king edward the confessor. captains were then usually nobles with little or no seagoing experience, so they relied on the expertise of professionals who had nothing to do with fighting, but took care of the technical aspects of running and navigating the ship. the senior warrant was the master, and serving under him were the boatswain, carpenter and cook, also warranted. these four are the oldest purely naval titles. by the 18th century, captains and other commissioned officers were qualified seamen and the master had been renamed sailing master. other warrant ranks had been established some, like the original four, being representatives of skilled maritime trades or specialties. they reported directly to the captain, but for administration were responsible to one of the bodies which governed naval affairs such as the navy board, victualling board, and ordnance board. they were usually examined professionally by a body other than the admiralty and had frequently served an apprenticeship. others were professionally qualified landsmen such as the doctor (surgeon) and parson (chaplain). all were required to be able to “read, write, and cipher” (calculate), but had varying degrees of status and authority: • warrant officers of wardroom rank had the privilege of standing on the quarterdeck and dining with the commissioned officers. they included sailing master, surgeon, chaplain, and purser. • standing warrant officers included boatswain, carpenter, and gunner. unlike the rest of the crew who paid off or transferred to another vessel at the end of a commission, the standing officers were permanently attached to the vessel to provide maintenance and fittings even when it was “in ordinary.” standing warrant officers had their own mess. • warrant officers of inferior grade were basically senior petty officers who could be demoted at the captain’s whim and lost their jobs when their ship paid off. they included armorer, caulker, cook, master-at-arms, ropemaker, and sailmaker. in 1843 the wardroom warrant officers were given commissioned status, while in 1853 the lower-grade warrant officers were absorbed into the new rate of chief petty officer, both classes thereby ceasing to be warrant officers. by the time of the first world war warrant officers
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