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წოლა
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Lie (lay, lain), английский
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Lieutenant, английский
[1] a deputy or substitute (latin locum tenens = in place of ). [2] a junior naval or military officer. [3] used in combination with another military title denotes an officer of the next lower rank (e.g., lieutenant-general). this is one of the oldest military titles, and in naval use can be traced back to the twelfth century when a sailing master had full command of the ship, while the captain was responsible for embarked soldiers, with a non-commissioned lieutenant as his military deputy. by about 1580 the captain had assumed command of the ship, with the master as a subordinate responsible for shiphandling and navigation. the lieutenant was expected to replace the captain in case of death or incapacitation, but was still non-commissioned, being appointed with no official rank. some 50 years later, naval lieutenants had evolved beyond their purely military role to become professional commissioned sea officers. in about 1677, shortly after his appointment as secretary of the admiralty, samuel pepys introduced formal examinations which had to be passed to qualify for a third lieutenant’s commission. thereafter advancement depended entirely on seniority. third and second lieutenants each had specific shipboard duties in addition to their prime responsibilities of standing watch and commanding a division of guns in battle (see separate entry for first lieutenant). in the days of rated warships, a first-rate normally carried seven to nine lieutenants (one first, one or two seconds, and five or six thirds). the complement diminished with the vessel’s rating (for example a third-rate had five lieutenants, while a sixth rate had only two). nowadays, a naval lieutenant is senior to lieutenant (jg) or sublieutenant, and junior to lieutenant commander. at its inception in 1775, the continental navy essentially adopted the then current royal navy rank structure, including that of lieutenant (see table 15). an army or marine lieutenant is senior to second lieutenant and junior to captain. pronunciation is loo-tenant in america. until world war ii all british commonwealth navies said let-enant, but the influx of temporary non-career officers overwhelmed that tradition and substituted the army’s lef-tenant, the former pronunciation being retained only by the canadian armed forces maritime command. lieutenant-at-arms: formerly, a warship’s most junior lieutenant, responsible for assisting the master- at-arms in training seamen to handle small arms.
ტყუილი, სიცრუე, грузинский
ტყუილის თქმა მოტყუება
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