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Historical controls
| Glossary of Statistical Terms |
Sometimes, the a treatment group is compared with individuals from another epoch who did not receive the treatment; for example, in studying the possible effect of fluoridated water on childhood cancer, we might compare cancer rates in a community before and after fluorine was added to the water supply. those individuals who were children before fluoridation started would comprise an historical control group. experiments and studies with historical controls tend to be more susceptible to confounding than those with contemporary controls, because many factors that might affect the outcome other than the treatment tend to change over time as well. (in this example, the level of other potential carcinogens in the environment also could have changed.)
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Control, английский
- Commande;réglage
- There are at least three senses of "control" in statistics: a member of the control group, to whom no treatment is given; a controlled experiment, and to control for a possible confounding variable.
- Управление; регулирование
- `logic логическая схема управления
- Any device for regulating a system or component during its normal (manual or automatic) operation; it is responsive, during automatic operation, to the property (such as pressure or temperature) whose magnitude is to be regulated.
- An attempt to guide a borehole to follow a predetermined course through the use of wedges or by manipulation of the drill string.
- A mechanism by which the speed or rate of an operation may be regulated.
- The base or basis by which similar values may be compared.
- Model(l)ing моделирование процессов и методов управления (напр., качеством воды в водных объектах) (сточных вод в водный объект)
- A constraining" (->constraint) effect on a variable, a directing influence on the behavior of a system, or the setting of the parameters of a system. anyone-way communication, which by its definition conditions a receiver`s behavior in some respects, involves control of a receiver by a sender.
- An object that enables user interaction or input, often to initiate an action, display information, or set values.
- Management of a computer and its processing abilities so as to maintain order as tasks and activities are carried out. control applies to measures designed to ensure error-free actions carried out at the right time and in the right order relative to other datahandling or hardware-based activities.
- 50% of the outstanding votes plus one vote.
- See in control; process control; quality control.
- See in control; statistical process control; quality control.
Control, английский
Control, английский
Control, английский
Control, английский
Управляющий
Control, английский
Control, испанский
Menú que contiene una serie de comandos que permiten manejar la ventana. los iconos de aplicación y algunos cuadros de diálogo también tienen un menú control. para abrir el menú control, se utiliza el
Control (i.e., management control), английский
Control (of an asset), английский
Control (of an enterprise), английский
Control -, английский
Система управления
Control abstraction, английский
Абстракция управления
Control account, английский
Control action, английский
Управляющее воздействие; регулирующее воздействие
Control addition, английский
Контрольное суммирование
Control air force specialty code, английский
Контрольный код военно-учетной специальности ввс
Control algorithm, английский
Алгоритм управления
Control alignment mark, английский
Control and data acquisition (cda) systems, английский
Control and data retrieval system, английский
Система запуска, управления и возвращения (дплл многократного применения)
Control and delay channel, английский
Канал управления и запаздывания
Fluoridation, английский
Фторирование
Susceptible, английский
Confounding, английский
When the differences between the treatment and control groups other than the treatment produce differences in response that are not distinguishable from the effect of the treatment, those differences between the groups are said to be confounded with the effect of the treatment (if any). for example, prominent statisticians questioned whether differences between individuals that led some to smoke and others not to (rather than the act of smoking itself) were responsible for the observed difference in the frequencies with which smokers and non-smokers contract various illnesses. if that were the case, those factors would be confounded with the effect of smoking. confounding is quite likely to affect observational studies and experiments that are not randomized. confounding tends to be decreased by randomization. see also simpson`s paradox.
Contemporary, английский
- Издание, произведение, вышедшее в тот же период, что и другое
- Modern look or style of furniture.
- Contemporary refers to a modern style of furniture that is current, or of the present day.
Environment, английский
- Surrounding in which operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interaction.
- Окружающая среда. совокупность всех материальных тел, сил и явлений природы, ее вещество и пространство, любая деятельность человека, находящегося в непосредственном контакте с живыми организмами; совокупность абиотической, биотической и социальной сред,
- Окружающие условия [среда]; внешние факторы или воздействия; условия эксплуатации ` (лл)
- The conditions and influences under which an organism lives
- N 1 лнгв. окружение; 2 псхл. окружающая обстановка5 consonantal ~ консонантное окружение epanalepsis n эпаналепсис, удвоение6 epenthesis n 1 эпентеза, вставка звуков1; 2 добавление гласного звука для того, чтобы 3 английский как язык международного общения. 4 несовпадение стиховых и фразовых границ. 5 внешний контекст, в котором происходит наше поведение. 6 фигура речи, состоящая в повторе слова, словосочетания или пред- ложения. epenthetic 41 evaluation разбить труднопроизносимую группу (кла- стер) согласных
- Окружающая среда
- Окружающая среда; при- родно-ландшафтная среда
- The place in which an organism lives, and the circumstances under which it lives. environment includes measures like moisture and temperature, as much as it refers to the actual physical place where an organism is found.
- The combination of all the external conditions and the potential effect of the inner environment (heteromosaic of abiotic conditions). e. change: survival depends on the life span of the organisms involved, and has to adapt to a new situation via genetic change, evolution, etc. • cyclic change: rhythmically repetitive, like cycles of a season, day / night, movement of tides etc. • directional change: change is maintained over a long period in relation to the life span of organisms - erosion, siltation, cycles of glaciation, etc. • erratic change: these have no rhythm and no consistent direction e.g., hurricanes, cyclones, flash storms, fires, vulcanos, earthquake, etc.
- Окружающая среда. существующая в данный момент совокупность всех внешних условий и воздействий, которым подвержена данная система (или организм) (мос, 14). `36
- (1) the system of surrounding things, conditions or influences, especially affecting the existence or development of someone, something or another system (->habitat), (2) the art of environing, (3) the state of being environed.
- A global context in which to access data.
- A set of roles that are required to run a specific application and the machines to be used for each role.
- One of two deployment destinations within a microsoft azure cloud service: staging or production.
- The totality of surrounding conditions and circumstances affecting growth or development. often the term is applied to the natural features of a geographic area: water, air, and land — including ecological relationships.
- The sum of the physical, chemical, and biological factors that surround an organism.
Individual, английский
Физическое лицо
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Hypothesis testing, английский
- Statistical hypothesis testing is formalized as making a decision between rejecting or not rejecting a null hypothesis, on the basis of a set of observations. two types of errors can result from any decision rule (test): rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true (a type i error), and failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false (a type ii error). for any hypothesis, it is possible to develop many different decision rules (tests). typically, one specifies ahead of time the chance of a type i error one is willing to allow. that chance is called the significance level of the test or decision rule. for a given significance level, one way of deciding which decision rule is best is to pick the one that has the smallest chance of a type ii error when a given alternative hypothesis is true. the chance of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when a given alternative hypothesis is true is called the power of the test against that alternative.
- A statistical technique for evaluation of hypotheses or conjectures about unobserved or unobservable numerical properties of a population. the statistic that measures the quantity of interest is evaluated, along with its variability, on a sample of the data from the population, and compared to the range of values consistent with one of the hypotheses. in classical frequentist hypothesis testing, if the value is rare or unusual, the hypothesis is rejected.
Member of a set, английский
Something is a member (or element) of a set if it is one of the things in the set.
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