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Valuations
| Глоссарий по искусственному интеллекту |
Valuations are a generalization of the ideas of belief and probability functions, and provide a mapping from a set of outcomes over a frame of discernment to numeric values. a valuation has three properties. it supports combination, so that two valuations over the same frame can be combined. it allows projection (extensions and marginalizations) so that the frame of discernment can be changed. it meets certain requirements under which the combination and projection operations can be interchanged. a function meeting these conditions can be manipulated using the shafer-shenoy fusion and propagation algorithm. see also: shafer-shenoy architecture. vapnik-chervonenkis dimension the vapnik-chervonenkis dimension is a measure of the complexity of a concept in machine learning and is used to put lower bounds on the learnability of a concept. basically it describes the size of the largest set such that the concept class realizes all possible dichotomies of the sample. in other words, for a sample of size d, there are 2^d possible subsets of that sample. if every subset can be made positive for some example of the concept, then the concept class will have dichotomized the sample. see also: machine learning.
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Generalization, английский
- N амер. ге- нерализация, абстрактизация, расширение; обобщение; over~ сверхгенерализация
- Обобщение
- Inferring general principles from recurring events. so if we see x at the bus stop every tuesday, we generalize that he is always there at that time. of course, one day he isn’t….
- An objective conclusion
- An objective conclusion a perception based on observations (for example, “americans are usually friendly”). different from a stereotype (for example, “all americans are friendly”)
Probability, английский
- Probability can be generally defined as a measure of how likely some event will occur. the event could be an explosion, a lottery win or perhaps cancer induction. mathematically speaking, the value of probability varies between 0 and 1 where 0 means an ev
- Вероятность. возможность.
- The probability of an event is a number between zero and 100%. the meaning (interpretation) of probability is the subject of theories of probability, which differ in their interpretations. however, any rule for assigning probabilities to events has to satisfy the axioms of probability.
- Вероятность
- Вероятность probability sample, syn. random sample
- Вероятность. мера случайности появления конкретного события. например, вероятность случайного выбора из популяции человека с конкретным качеством соответствует доле людей в популяции, обладающих этим качеством.
- Вероятность; возможность
- Вероятность; обеспеченность (гидрологической величины) ~ of no-failure вероятность безотказной работы
- Probability is a method for representing uncertainty about propositions or events. it represents the uncertainty about a proposition on a scale from 0 to 1, with a 0 representing complete certainty that the proposition is false or an event will not occur and a value of one will represent the opposite. formally, a probability measure is one that follows kolmogorov`s axioms. there are two main schools of thought on the meaning of probability. frequentists take a narrow interpretation of probability allowing only hypothetically repeatable events or experiments as being quantifiable by probability, while bayesians take a broader interpretation that allows reasoning about "one-shot" events and propositions based on the current knowledge about nature. the bayesian interpretation is most commonly used in artificial intelligence, while the frequentist interpretation is most commonly taught in statistics courses. the label "bayesian" arises from the central role that the bayes theorem plays in this use of probability. it allows one to reason from effects to causes and encourages the use of probability measures to describe supposedly fixed events or propositions which frequentists disallow. the probability for these events reflects one`s state of knowledge about the event, rather than being an assertion that the unknown event can vary. for example, a bayesian would have no qualms about making statements about the probability that a given die, rolled and hidden from his sight is, for example, a six. a frequentist would be unable to make such a statement, preferring to talk about his confidence in the method when applied to a hypothetically large number of repeated experiments. in the end, they would act in similar ways. when the long run data are available, bayesians and frequentists end up with the same estimates. see also: bayes theorem, kolmogorov`s axioms.
- Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления неко-его события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относитель-ная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результа-тов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].
- The likelihood of something happening. for example, sale being made.
- Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления некоего события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относительная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результатов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].
- The relative likelihood of a particular outcome among all possible outcomes.
- Likelihood that an event may occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1.
Properties, английский
- A dockable window that displays the properties that are set on the selected object. in most cases, the property values can be edited in the window.
- A ui element that users can click to display information about a selected object.
Combination, английский
- Комбинация, сочетание
- Комбинация, сочетание сомсм communications counter- measures меры противодействия радиосвязи противника 163
- Сочетание; комбинация (сочетание взаимосвязанных признаков изобретения).
- Сочетание; комбинация (сочетание взаимосвязанных признаков изобретения)
- Отношение
- N сочетание word ~ словосочетание
- Комбинация; соединение; сочетание; объединение; набор; система
- Сочетание; соединение; комбинация; смешение; состав ~ of errors сумма ошибок load ~ сочетание нафузок
- Series of two or more fences within 39 feet 4 inches of each other that must be taken as a pair, an in-and-out.
- Applies to derivative products. arrangement of options involving two long or two short positions with different expiration dates or strike (exercise) prices. see: straddle.
- Мотоцикл с прицепной коляской
- Vehicle consisting or two or more separable units, of which each part need not be independently mobile, for example a motorcycle and side
Projection, французский
Mécanisme de défense qui consiste à déguiser une pulsion menacante en l'attribuant aux autres
Extensions, английский
Requirements, английский
Нормативы
Operations, английский
- Research, incorporated фирма «оперейшнз ресерч ивкорпо- рейтед»
- Field movements, whether offensive or defensive.
- Операционный отдел (в инвестиционном банке)
Conditions, английский
- The terms of surrender.
- Обстоятельства; условия; режим
- Грузовая устойчивость ~ of crane during lifting operations грузовая устойчивость крана ~ of geometrical shape геометрическая неизменяемость ~ of slope устойчивость откоса ~ of volume постоянство объёма
- Наблюдения за работой сооружений в условиях эксплуатации
- Работа конструкции в условиях эксплуатационных нагрузок
- A set of specified constraints and parameters that are part of the rights group bundled into a rights label. these are enforced at the time of consumption.
Propagation, английский
- Прохождение, распространение (напр, радиоволн)
- An act of causing something to spread or multiply
- Распространение; размножение; продвижение; передача
- Распространение
- The process of distributing an index from a content index server to one or more web servers for the purposes of providing search.
- Advancement of a wave through a medium.
- Advancement of energy or a crack through a medium. see also brittle crack propagation; ductile crack propagation; fatigue crack propagation.
- Movement of a wave through a medium.7,21
Architecture, английский
- Кабельная система здания топология локальной сети (шина, кольцо, звезда и т. п.)
- Форма и формат управления элементами стандартной транзакции.
- In networks, it is how the components are connected to and operate with one another. the term “network architecture” focuses on how fiber optic system elements communicate including functional organization (services) and configuration (topology and communications)
- A domestic picturesque patterned after its chalet prototype in switzerland; usually a two-story house built of rough-cut lumber to enhance its rustic appearance; often a front-gabled, shingled roof of moderate pitch, occasionally a jerkinhead roof; bracketed eaves having a significant overhang; exposed rafters; often, walls of board-and-batten construction; porches typically have flat balusters with cut-outs or stickwork. occasionally
- Конструкция (робота) см. также struсturе оf rоbоt
- N архитектура cognition, mind
- Архитектура
- See naval architecture.
- Общество по использованию эвм в технике, планировании и архитектуре
- A set of values, constraints, guidance, and practices that support the active evolution of the planning, designing, and construction of a system. the approach evolves over time, while simultaneously supporting the needs of current customers. 8 architecture can refer to sets of components in a computing system and their operational interrelationships as well as other important configurations such as the architecture of a neural network, which captures the patterns of connectivity within and between layers of units in the network model. artificial general intelligence (agi): a phrase that has been used to capture the possibility of developing more general ai capabilities, in distinction to the typically narrow capabilities of ai systems that have been developed to date. some use the term to refer to the prospect of achieving more human-like intelligence, developing ai systems with the ability to perform many of the intellectual tasks that humans are capable of doing, or developing systems that might employ a wide range of skills across multiple domains of expertise. artificial intelligence (ai): the ability of a computer system to solve problems and to perform tasks that have traditionally required human intelligence to solve. 603 p
- The basic design of a computer’s hardware. computers with different architecture, such as the pc and the mac, cannot run each others’ programs.
- The data-handling capacity of a microprocessor.
- The design of application software incorporating protocols and the means for expansion and interfacing with other programs.
- The physical construction or design of a computer system and its components.
Complexity, английский
- Сложность
- Сложность; уровень сложности; комплексность
- Что-либо сложное
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Logistic function, английский
Usually refers to the cumulative logistic function where y=1/(1+exp(-bx)). this function is commonly used as an output or signal function for neural network nodes and as a link function in statistical generalized linear models, both for its simplicity and for theoretical reasons. see also: signal function.
Variational inference, английский
Variational inference is an approximation technique that can be used when exact or monte carlo computation is infeasible. in the case of a network model with hidden variables h and observed (visible) variables v, a variation solution would approximate pr(h|v) with some tractable q(h|v), where q(h|v) minimizes some distance measure (e.g., relative entropy) with respect to pr(h|v). see also: helmholtz machine, markov chain monte carlo methods.
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