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Generalized em algorithim

Глоссарий по искусственному интеллекту
    The em algorithm converges on an exact maximum solution to an estimation problem, such as probabilities in a partially observed network. however, this approach can be computationally or analytically infeasible. a generalized em algorithm substitutes approximations for the e step and/or the m step. for example, one could use a gibbs sampling method to compute an approximate expectation (the e step) or a lower bound on the maximum likelihood for the m (maximization) step. see also: generalized forward-backward algorithm, variational inference. generalized forward-backward algorithm a method for probability propagation in networks. after some rearrangement of the network, probability calculations are propagated down the network, with each node storing its state, and then back up the network to obtain final estimates of the state of the network. see also: generalized em, sum-product algorithm.




Generalizability, английский

Generalizar, португальский

Generalization, английский
  1. N амер. ге- нерализация, абстрактизация, расширение; обобщение; over~ сверхгенерализация

  2. Обобщение

  3. Inferring general principles from recurring events. so if we see x at the bus stop every tuesday, we generalize that he is always there at that time. of course, one day he isn’t….

  4. An objective conclusion

  5. An objective conclusion a perception based on observations (for example, “americans are usually friendly”). different from a stereotype (for example, “all americans are friendly”)


Generalization hierarchy, английский
    Иерархия по степени общности; иерархия обобщенных представлений


Generalization performance, английский

Generalize, английский
    Обобщать


Generalized, английский
  1. A генерализован- ный, расширенный; обобщенный grammar, marker, transformation generalizing a генерализирующий, абстрактизи- рующий article

  2. Общий; обобщенный; универсальный

  3. Ка rhunen-loeve transform, gklt обобщенное преобразование карунена-лоэва


Generalized algorithm, английский
    Обобщенный алгоритм


Generalized anxiety disorder, английский

Generalized chen transform, английский
    Обобщенное преобразование чена


Generalized clustered network, английский
    Обобщенный сетевой график по группам событий


Generalized communication interface, английский
    Связной интерфейс общего назначения


Generalized constant, английский

Generalized dbms, английский
    Универсальная субд


Generalized decision feedback equalizer, английский
    Обобщенный выравниватель с решающей обратной связью


Generalized delta rule, английский
    Обобщенное дельта-правило


Generalized entropy, английский
    Обобщенная энтропия


Generalized equation, английский
    Обобщенное уравнение


Generalized facilities, английский
    Универсальные средства


Generalized force, английский

Estimation, английский
  1. Оценка. оценивание.

  2. Расчет; количественная оценка; вычисление etiology, syn. aetiology

  3. Расчет; количественная оценка; вычисление

  4. The process of generating a score or scoring function for a dataset. this can refer to either the process of fitting the model where you would be estimating the coefficients of the equations (e.g., the parameters of a regression function or the split points in a decision tree) or the process of assigning scores to individual observations using the model (e.g., credit ratings). this usually refers to a prediction or scoring function, as opposed to a classification function, but can also be used in the latter context. see also: classification, statistics.


Analytically, английский
    Теоретически


Substitutes, английский
    Goods or services that take the place or function of another so that consumers can choose between these while maintaining the same degree of satisfaction. when the cross-price elasticity of demand has a value greater than 1, goods are considered close substitutes.


Approximations, английский
    Расчёт методом последовательных приближений ~ of sections подбор [расчёт] поперечных сечений (элементов конструкции) ~ of shells расчёт оболочек 24 analysis ~ of structures расчёт конструкций [сооружений]; строительная механика ~ of trusses расчёт ферм; определение усилий в стержнях [элементах] фермы


Approximate, английский
  1. Приблизительный ар-ps ammonium perchlorate-poly- styrene (propellant) полистирол- перхлоратаммониевое ракетное топливо

  2. Приблизительный

  3. Приблизительно


Expectation, английский
  1. Математическое ожидание.

  2. Generally, the anticipation of something to occur at a certain time or place or in a certain way. in statistics, the probability of an event in a universe inferred from the relative frequency of observing that event in a sample.


Likelihood, английский
  1. Вероятность. правдоподобие.

  2. Правдоподобие; вероятность

  3. In probabilistic and statistical methods, the likelihood is a measure of the evidence for the data when a hypothesis is assumed to be true. it is commonly used in bayesian and quasi-bayesian techniques. a related measure, minimum message length, can be derived from information theoretic principles. as an example, suppose you observe a data value x that is assumed to be gaussian. the likelihood for that data when the assumed mean is, say, 5, and the variance is 10, is proportional to e-((x-5)2/2*10), the kernel of a gaussian distribution. a likelihood is typically calculated using the kernel, rather than the complete distribution function, which includes the normalizing constants. see also: minimum message length.


Maximization, английский
  1. Максимизация

  2. Максимизация; достижение максимума


Probability, английский
  1. Probability can be generally defined as a measure of how likely some event will occur. the event could be an explosion, a lottery win or perhaps cancer induction. mathematically speaking, the value of probability varies between 0 and 1 where 0 means an ev

  2. Вероятность. возможность.

  3. The probability of an event is a number between zero and 100%. the meaning (interpretation) of probability is the subject of theories of probability, which differ in their interpretations. however, any rule for assigning probabilities to events has to satisfy the axioms of probability.

  4. Вероятность

  5. Вероятность probability sample, syn. random sample

  6. Вероятность. мера случайности появления конкретного события. например, вероятность случайного выбора из популяции человека с конкретным качеством соответствует доле людей в популяции, обладающих этим качеством.

  7. Вероятность; возможность

  8. Вероятность; обеспеченность (гидрологической величины) ~ of no-failure вероятность безотказной работы

  9. Probability is a method for representing uncertainty about propositions or events. it represents the uncertainty about a proposition on a scale from 0 to 1, with a 0 representing complete certainty that the proposition is false or an event will not occur and a value of one will represent the opposite. formally, a probability measure is one that follows kolmogorov`s axioms. there are two main schools of thought on the meaning of probability. frequentists take a narrow interpretation of probability allowing only hypothetically repeatable events or experiments as being quantifiable by probability, while bayesians take a broader interpretation that allows reasoning about "one-shot" events and propositions based on the current knowledge about nature. the bayesian interpretation is most commonly used in artificial intelligence, while the frequentist interpretation is most commonly taught in statistics courses. the label "bayesian" arises from the central role that the bayes theorem plays in this use of probability. it allows one to reason from effects to causes and encourages the use of probability measures to describe supposedly fixed events or propositions which frequentists disallow. the probability for these events reflects one`s state of knowledge about the event, rather than being an assertion that the unknown event can vary. for example, a bayesian would have no qualms about making statements about the probability that a given die, rolled and hidden from his sight is, for example, a six. a frequentist would be unable to make such a statement, preferring to talk about his confidence in the method when applied to a hypothetically large number of repeated experiments. in the end, they would act in similar ways. when the long run data are available, bayesians and frequentists end up with the same estimates. see also: bayes theorem, kolmogorov`s axioms.

  10. Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления неко-его события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относитель-ная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результа-тов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].

  11. The likelihood of something happening. for example, sale being made.

  12. Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления некоего события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относительная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результатов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].

  13. The relative likelihood of a particular outcome among all possible outcomes.

  14. Likelihood that an event may occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1.


Propagation, английский
  1. Прохождение, распространение (напр, радиоволн)

  2. An act of causing something to spread or multiply

  3. Распространение; размножение; продвижение; передача

  4. Распространение

  5. The process of distributing an index from a content index server to one or more web servers for the purposes of providing search.

  6. Advancement of a wave through a medium.

  7. Advancement of energy or a crack through a medium. see also brittle crack propagation; ductile crack propagation; fatigue crack propagation.

  8. Movement of a wave through a medium.7,21


Belief core, английский
    The core of a set in the dempster-shafer theory is that probability is directly assigned to a set but not to any of its subsets. the core of a belief function is the union of all the sets in the frame of discernment which have a non-zero core (also known as the focal elements). suppose our belief that one of fred, tom, or paul was responsible for an event is 0.75, while the individual beliefs were b(fred)=.10, b(tom)=.25, and b(paul)=.30. then the uncommitted belief would be 0.75- (0.1+0.25+0.30) = .10. this would be the core of the set {fred, tom, paul}. see also: belief function, communality number.


Epistomology, английский
    The field of philosophy that deals with the nature and sources of knowledge.