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Belief core
| Глоссарий по искусственному интеллекту |
The core of a set in the dempster-shafer theory is that probability is directly assigned to a set but not to any of its subsets. the core of a belief function is the union of all the sets in the frame of discernment which have a non-zero core (also known as the focal elements). suppose our belief that one of fred, tom, or paul was responsible for an event is 0.75, while the individual beliefs were b(fred)=.10, b(tom)=.25, and b(paul)=.30. then the uncommitted belief would be 0.75- (0.1+0.25+0.30) = .10. this would be the core of the set {fred, tom, paul}. see also: belief function, communality number.
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Belief, английский
- Creencia
- A freely available program for the manipulation of graphical belief functions and graphical probability models. as such, it supports both belief and probabilistic manipulation of models. it also allows second-order models (hyper-distribution or meta-distribution). a commercial version is in development under the name of graphical-belief. see also: belief function, graphical model.
Belief about beliefs, английский
Представление о представлениях; убеждения относительно убеждений belief-invoked interpretation рассуждение на основе принятых убеждений; интерпретация от фактов; вывод снизу вверх
Belief chain, английский
A belief net whose directed acyclic graph (dag) can be ordered as in a list, so that each node has one predecessor, except for the first which has no predecessor, and one successor, except for the last which has no successor (see figure b.1.). figure b.1 —
Belief change flexibility, английский
The ability to try out new beliefs for a short time to test their usefulness.
Belief function, английский
In the dempster-shafer theory, the probability certainly assigned to a set of propositions is referred to as the belief for that set. it is a lower probability for the set. the upper probability for the set is the probability assigned to sets containing the elements of the set of interest and is the complement of the belief function for the complement of the set of interest (i.e., pu(a)=1 -bel(not a).) the belief function is that function which returns the lower probability of a set. belief functions that can be compared by considering that the probabilities assigned to some repeatable event are a statement about the average frequency of that event. a belief function and upper probability only specify upper and lower bounds on the average frequency of that event. the probability addresses the uncertainty of the event, but is precise about the averages, while the belief function includes both uncertainty and imprecision about the average. see also: dempster-shafer theory, quasi-bayesian theory.
Belief net, английский
Used in probabilistic expert systems to represent relationships among variables, a belief net is a directed acyclic graph (dag) with variables as nodes, along with conditionals for each arc entering a node. the attribute(s) at the node are the head of the conditionals, and the attributes with arcs entering the node are the tails. these graphs are also referred to as bayesian networks (bn) or graphical models. see also: bayesian network, graphical model.
Belief revision, английский
Belief revision is the process of modifying an existing knowledge base to account for new information. when the new information is consistent with the old information, the process is usually straightforward. when it contradicts existing information, the belief (knowledge) structure has to be revised to eliminate contradictions. some methods include expansion which adds new ``rules" to the database, contraction which eliminates contradictions by removing rules from the database, and revision which maintains existing rules by changing them to adapt to the new information. see also: nonmonotone logic.
Belief system, английский
Sistema de creencias
Belief vector, английский
Доверительный вектор
Belief, faith; doctrine, английский
Beliefs, английский
- N pl псхл. убеждения benefactive и beneficiary
- Statements we think are true but cannot (or have not bothered to) check. see ‘logical levels’.
- Robert dilts defined beliefs as: closely held generalisations about (1) cause, (2) meaning, (3) boundaries in a) the world around us b) our behaviour c) our capabilities, and d) our identities.
Core, английский
- Remaining wood after a veneer peeling operation is completed.
- Any portion of a cable over which some other cable component, such as a shield, jacket, sheath or armor, is applied.
- Центральная часть оптического волокна, изготовленная из стекла. коэффициент преломления сердцевины меньше, чем у оболочки
- The internal duct and filter media support.
- Coherent-on-receive
- Common operational research equipment
- The central part of an optical fiber that carries light. the light-conducting portion of a fiber, defined by its higher refraction index. the core is the center of a fiber, surrounded by concentric cladding of lower refractive index.
- (1) a central strand around which other wires are wound in a core temple, (2) wire reinforcement imbedded in plastic temples (core wire).
- N сердцевина, ядро vocabulary
- Сердцевина; ядро (клетки, фага) или коровый, сердцевинный (антиген); 16 элемент структуры вируса или клетки.
- Сердцевина; ядро (клетки, фага) или коровый, сердцевинный (антиген);
- Заполнитель
- A cylindrical sample of rock and/or the process of cutting such a sample by use of an annular (hollow) drill bit. sometimes incorrectly called bit core.
- The central portion of a bit mold, that forms the inside diameter of the bit.
- A cone or inverted v-shaped stub of rock left in the bottom of a drill hole by a cone noncoring bit.
- In rough set theory, the core attributes are those attributes that are in the intersection of all reducts. neither the reducts nor the minimal reducts of a set of attributes are necessarily unique. the core attributes are those that appear in all reducts of an attribute set and must be contained in any reduced table. the remaining attributes in the set of (minimal) reducts must be selected on other criteria (e.g., smallest total number of attributes in the reduced table or best upper and lower approximations to some concept(s)). see also: indiscernable, lower approximation, reduct, rough set theory, upper approximation.
- 1) part of the earth more than 2900 km beneath ocean surface, with a
- Controlled requirements expression
- Requirements for atm working positions
- (1) in manufacturing, specially formed material inserted in a mold to shape the interior of another part of a casting that cannot be shaped as easily by the pattern. (2) in a heat treated ferrous alloy, the inner portion that is softer than the outer portion or case.
- A cylindrical sample taken from a formation for geological analysis. usually a conventional core barrel is substituted for the bit and procures a sample as it penetrates the formation.
Core, английский
A mold component which forms the internal surface of the closure. the core also includes the threads.
Core, английский
Core (1), английский
Core (2), английский
Core (inrev style), английский
A fund which invests mainly in income producing investments. the fund will use low leverage, have no or very low development exposure and generate a high proportion of return through income.
Core (mt), английский
In reference to an electromagnetic inspection, it is a laminated steel conductor located within the electrical winding of a hand-held yoke or probe. also, laminated steel conductor used in conjunction with a magnetizing coil to produce a stronger collapsing field in induced current magnetization of ring-shaped parts.
Core (rs style), английский
An account that includes a preponderance of core attributes; the account as a whole will have low leasing exposure and low leverage. a low percentage of noncore assets is acceptable. as a result, such portfolios should achieve relatively high-income returns and exhibit relatively low volatility.
Core activities, английский
Основная деятельность
Probability, английский
- Probability can be generally defined as a measure of how likely some event will occur. the event could be an explosion, a lottery win or perhaps cancer induction. mathematically speaking, the value of probability varies between 0 and 1 where 0 means an ev
- Вероятность. возможность.
- The probability of an event is a number between zero and 100%. the meaning (interpretation) of probability is the subject of theories of probability, which differ in their interpretations. however, any rule for assigning probabilities to events has to satisfy the axioms of probability.
- Вероятность
- Вероятность probability sample, syn. random sample
- Вероятность. мера случайности появления конкретного события. например, вероятность случайного выбора из популяции человека с конкретным качеством соответствует доле людей в популяции, обладающих этим качеством.
- Вероятность; возможность
- Вероятность; обеспеченность (гидрологической величины) ~ of no-failure вероятность безотказной работы
- Probability is a method for representing uncertainty about propositions or events. it represents the uncertainty about a proposition on a scale from 0 to 1, with a 0 representing complete certainty that the proposition is false or an event will not occur and a value of one will represent the opposite. formally, a probability measure is one that follows kolmogorov`s axioms. there are two main schools of thought on the meaning of probability. frequentists take a narrow interpretation of probability allowing only hypothetically repeatable events or experiments as being quantifiable by probability, while bayesians take a broader interpretation that allows reasoning about "one-shot" events and propositions based on the current knowledge about nature. the bayesian interpretation is most commonly used in artificial intelligence, while the frequentist interpretation is most commonly taught in statistics courses. the label "bayesian" arises from the central role that the bayes theorem plays in this use of probability. it allows one to reason from effects to causes and encourages the use of probability measures to describe supposedly fixed events or propositions which frequentists disallow. the probability for these events reflects one`s state of knowledge about the event, rather than being an assertion that the unknown event can vary. for example, a bayesian would have no qualms about making statements about the probability that a given die, rolled and hidden from his sight is, for example, a six. a frequentist would be unable to make such a statement, preferring to talk about his confidence in the method when applied to a hypothetically large number of repeated experiments. in the end, they would act in similar ways. when the long run data are available, bayesians and frequentists end up with the same estimates. see also: bayes theorem, kolmogorov`s axioms.
- Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления неко-его события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относитель-ная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результа-тов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].
- The likelihood of something happening. for example, sale being made.
- Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления некоего события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относительная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результатов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].
- The relative likelihood of a particular outcome among all possible outcomes.
- Likelihood that an event may occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1.
Responsible, английский
Individual, английский
Физическое лицо
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Ltm trace, английский
The connection weights in an art network. see also: ftp:://ftp.sas.com/pub/neural/faq2.html, http://www.wi.leidenuniv.nl/art/.
Generalized em algorithim, английский
The em algorithm converges on an exact maximum solution to an estimation problem, such as probabilities in a partially observed network. however, this approach can be computationally or analytically infeasible. a generalized em algorithm substitutes approximations for the e step and/or the m step. for example, one could use a gibbs sampling method to compute an approximate expectation (the e step) or a lower bound on the maximum likelihood for the m (maximization) step. see also: generalized forward-backward algorithm, variational inference. generalized forward-backward algorithm a method for probability propagation in networks. after some rearrangement of the network, probability calculations are propagated down the network, with each node storing its state, and then back up the network to obtain final estimates of the state of the network. see also: generalized em, sum-product algorithm.
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