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Classification methods
| Глоссарий по искусственному интеллекту |
Methods used in data mining and related areas (statistics) to develop classification rules that can categorize data into one of several prespecified categories. a specialized form of regression, the output of the rules can be a form of membership function. it provides some measure of the likelihood that an observation belongs to each of the classes. the membership may be crisp or imprecise. an example of a crisp assignment would be a discriminant function that identifies the most likely class, implicitly setting the membership of that class to one and the others, too. an example of an imprecise membership function would be a multiple logistic regression or a classification and regression trees (cart) tree, which specifies a probability of membership for many classes. see also: data mining, knowledge discovery in databases.
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Classificatio, onis, f, латинский
Classification, английский
- Assigning data (i e , cases or observations) cases to one of a fixed number of possible classes (represented by a nominal output variable)
- Классификация; систематизация; засекречивание
- Классификация (упорядоченная группировка явлений и объектов; может утверждаться в качестве стандарта, в том числе национального или международного), см. nomenclature
- The work of putting references or components into order so as to be able to refer to them again and identify them easily the abo classification of blood
- Классификация
- N классификация language typological ~ типологическая классификация classificatory a классификационный matrix classifying a классифицирующий article
- The placement of an item under the correct number in the customs tariff for duty purposes. at times this procedure becomes highly complicated; it is not uncommon for importers to resort to litigation over the correct duty to be assessed by the customs on a given item
- Классификация; категоризация; сортировка
- The process of assigning a set of records from a database (observations in a dataset) into (usually) one of ``small" number of pre-specified disjoint categories. related techniques include regression, which predicts a range of values and clustering, which (typically) allows the categories to form themselves. the classification can be "fuzzy" in several senses of the word. in usual sense, the classification technique can allow a single record to belong to multiple (disjoint) categories with a probability (estimated) of being in each class. the categories can also overlap when they are developed either through a hierarchical model or through an agglomerative technique. finally, the classification can be fuzzy in the sense of using "fuzzy logic" techniques. see also: clustering, fuzzy logic, regression. classification and regression trees (cart) classification and regression trees (cart) is a particular form of decision tree used in data mining and statistics.
- Классификация. для порошков (пыли)—разделение образца на фракции по размеру, форме и плотности частиц с помощью жидкости; основано, например, на различной скорости оседания фракций в жидкости или на разном поведении частиц в потоке жидкости.
- A systematic organization of classes.
- The placement of an incident into a hierarchy of descriptors that indicate what the incident is generally about. for example, an incident could be classified as being related to software, and then to microsoft, and then to word 2003.
- The type of updates that sce downloads from microsoft update during synchronization.
- An offender is classified for a particular security level and housed in an appropriate facility based on assessment of their crime, security risk and prison behavior.
- A code which provides a method for categorizing the invention.
- The code for a specific type of complementary work or variation.
- Классификация, номенклатура
Classification (in neural networks), английский
In classification, the aim is to assign input cases to one of a number of classes classification problems fall into two categories: two-class problems, and many-class problems a two-class problem is usually encoded using a single output neuron many-class
Classification -, английский
Аэродромная классификация фунтов
Classification according to kind of economic activity, английский
Классификация отраслей экономики (в снс; основные отрасли: 1) agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing — сельское хозяйство, охота, лесное хозяйство и рыболовство;
Classification and regression trees, английский
Деревья регрессии и классификации
Classification by branch of economic activity, английский
Классификация по отраслям хозяйственной деятельности
Classification by broad economic categories, английский
Классификация по широким экономическим категориям (разработана в 1966 г. в качестве дополнения к стандартной международной торговой классификации — смтк; предназначена для пересчета основных экономических понятий смтк, на основе понятий и определений снс; предназначена в основном для импортных товаров; использовалась для составления некоторых действующих классификаций)
Classification by causes of death, английский
Классификация причин смерти
Classification by dichotomy, английский
Дихотомическая классификация
Classification by employment status, английский
Классификация no статусу занятости (в снс; безработные, частично занятые, занятые не по специальности, полностью занятые)
Classification by occupation, английский
Классификация по видам занятий; распределение по роду занятий
Classification by type of economic activity, английский
Классификация по признаку экономической деятельности (в снс; самодеятельное или несамодеятельное население; в смп; классификация по источникам средств существования)
Classification by year of birth, английский
Метод передвижки возрастов (метод перспективного исчисления населения по полу и возрасту)
Classification capacity, английский
Классификационная мощность
Classification clause, английский
Classification des batiments et des constructions, французский
Classification devised by the, английский
Soil conservation service of the us department of agriculture. the most porous soil in this classification system is said to be excessively drained, in which water is removed from the soil very rapidly. in contrast, is the least porous soil, classified as very poorly drained, in which water is removed from the soil so slowly that the water table remains at or near the surface most of the time.
Classification group, английский
Классификационная группа
Classification index, английский
Classification manual, английский
Указатель классов
Statistics, английский
- A branch of mathematics that deals with collecting, reviewing, summarizing, and interpreting data or information. statistics are used to determine whether differences between study groups are meaningful.
- Статистика (термин, употребляемый в различных значениях, в практической и научной областях. во-первых, статистика понимается как отрасль практической деятельности, направленной на собирание, обработку, анализ и публикацию массовых данных об общественных явлениях, синоним термина в этом смысле слова — понятие статистического учета; во- вторых, статистика рассматривается как отрасль знания, т. е. специальная научная дисциплина, — статистическая наука — и соответственно этому как учебная дисциплина в высших и средних специальных учебных заведениях; в-третьих, под статистикой пони ¦ мают совокупность сводных итоговых цифровых показателей, собранных для характеристики какой-либо области обществ, явлений или отдельного вопроса, например, статистика рождаемости в ссср в послевоенные годы)
- Official figures which show facts population statistics show that the birth rate is slowing down.
- Статистика
- N статистика linguistic ~ лингвистическая статистика stative a стативный, статичный, относящийся к состоянию чего-л. verb
- Статистика. классификация и интерпретация данных клинического исследования в соответствии с теорией вероятности и проверка гипотез применительно к таким данным.
Categorize, английский
To custom group applications, computers, devices, web sites, and updates into sets that you can use to organize your data and to create custom reports.
Categories, английский
- A feature that allows the user to apply custom or default markers to items (e.g. outlook messages or onenote content) in order to categorize information for easy retrieval and sorting.
- A list of categories that developers select from to make their app more discoverable.
- A list of different types of xbox music application contents, such as games, music+video, lifestyle.
- The section of the store that shows subgroups of apps and games, grouped by intended use or function.
- Flexible and rigid. borescope, ultraviolet: borescope with the ability to transmit ultraviolet radiation to the distal end while transmitting visible light to the eyepiece.
Regression, английский
- Statistical technique used to evaluate relationships among variables (22).
- Регрессия
- 1. a stage where symptoms of a disease are disappearing and the person is getting better 2. (in psychiatry) the process of returning to a mental state which existed when the person was younger
- Regression commonly refers to the process of developing an empirical (data-driven) model to predict and/or explain one or more attributes in a database or set of data. it is most frequently associated with the simple linear model (y=mx+b) taught in most introductory statistics courses; the same ideas have been extended in many directions, including classification problems. when the emphasis is on hypothesis testing and simple models, the regression output is typically a few parameters that provide a direct linkage from the input variables to the predicted variables (or classification). in other situations the emphasis is on explaining as much of the variability in the output variables as is "reasonable" from the input variables. in this case, there are a number of "advanced" techniques, such as smoothing splines, decision trees, neural nets, and so forth, for which there are many "free" parameters. the meaning of any one of these parameters can be obscure. many data mining techniques are, at their core, variations on well-known regression techniques. see also: classification, clustering, decision trees, neural nets.
- The reappearance of a previously fixed problem.
- The statistical process of predicting one or more continuous variables, such as profit or loss, based on other attributes in the dataset.
- A mathematical technique used to explain and/or predict. the general form is y = a + bx + u, where y is the variable that we are trying to predict; x is the variable that we are using to predict y, a is the intercept; b is the slope, and u is the regression residual. the a and b are chosen in a way to minimize the squared sum of the residuals. the ability to fit or explain is measured by the r-square.
- A seaward retreat of a shoreline, generally expressed as a seaward
Membership, английский
- A relationship of being a member of an organization, such as a gym or club.
- In asp.net, an application feature that manages a store of user credentials for a web site. membership can be integrated with login controls or other asp.net authentication features to provide login security for your site.
Likelihood, английский
- Вероятность. правдоподобие.
- Правдоподобие; вероятность
- In probabilistic and statistical methods, the likelihood is a measure of the evidence for the data when a hypothesis is assumed to be true. it is commonly used in bayesian and quasi-bayesian techniques. a related measure, minimum message length, can be derived from information theoretic principles. as an example, suppose you observe a data value x that is assumed to be gaussian. the likelihood for that data when the assumed mean is, say, 5, and the variance is 10, is proportional to e-((x-5)2/2*10), the kernel of a gaussian distribution. a likelihood is typically calculated using the kernel, rather than the complete distribution function, which includes the normalizing constants. see also: minimum message length.
Observation, английский
- Наблюдение; измерение
- Наблюдение; измерение оцт object задача; цель
- Observación
- The process of watching and examining a person or thing over a period of time she was admitted to hospital for observation.
- N наблюдение
- Наблюдение
- In nautical astronomy, denotes the taking the sun, moon, or stars` altitude with a quadrant or sextant, in order thereby to find the latitude or time; also, the lunar distances.
- [1] general; the act of measuring some magnitude with an instrument, such as the time of an occultation (with a clock); the right ascension of a star (with a transit instrument and clock); the sun’s altitude, or the distance of the moon from a star (with a sextant); the temperature (with a thermometer); etc. [2] nautical; a celestial sighting, taken in order to calculate a time or position. [3] the information so acquired.
Assignment, английский
- The receipt of an exercise notice by an options writer that requires the writer to sell (in the case of a call) or purchase (in the case of a put) the underlying security at the specified strike price.
- Choosing someone to do something. usually for: cases
- Under english law assignment is an agreement to transfer all of the rights (but not the obligations) under a contract to a new lender evidenced by an assignment agreement.
- Назначение; присвоение (кода, частоты)
- Правопередача; переуступка прав (передача правового титула изобретения, патента или заявки,эквивалентная продаже любого другого вида движимой собственности)
- The documentary transfer of title to cargo.
- Правопередача; переуступка прав (передача правового титула изобретения, патента или заявки, эквивалентная продаже любого другого вида движимой собственности)
- Поручение, назначение, выделение
- A designation that forms an association among objects.
- A process-related task that is delegated to a particular user.
- A unit of work that a student is expected to complete.
- This stores a value in a variable. an assignment statement has an assignment in it describing the storage of values in variables.
- Переуступка
- A transfer of ownership of a patent application or patent from one entity to another. all assignments should be recorded with the uspto assignment services division to maintain clear title to pending patent applications and patents.
- The transfer of property or rights from one party to another.
- An assignment is when the seller of a property signs over rights and obligations to that property to the buyer before the official closing.
- A transfer of property rights from one person to another, called the assignee. assumable mortgage
- Job or position
- Job or position a job, usually in a new location
Discriminant, английский
Дискриминант
Probability, английский
- Probability can be generally defined as a measure of how likely some event will occur. the event could be an explosion, a lottery win or perhaps cancer induction. mathematically speaking, the value of probability varies between 0 and 1 where 0 means an ev
- Вероятность. возможность.
- The probability of an event is a number between zero and 100%. the meaning (interpretation) of probability is the subject of theories of probability, which differ in their interpretations. however, any rule for assigning probabilities to events has to satisfy the axioms of probability.
- Вероятность
- Вероятность probability sample, syn. random sample
- Вероятность. мера случайности появления конкретного события. например, вероятность случайного выбора из популяции человека с конкретным качеством соответствует доле людей в популяции, обладающих этим качеством.
- Вероятность; возможность
- Вероятность; обеспеченность (гидрологической величины) ~ of no-failure вероятность безотказной работы
- Probability is a method for representing uncertainty about propositions or events. it represents the uncertainty about a proposition on a scale from 0 to 1, with a 0 representing complete certainty that the proposition is false or an event will not occur and a value of one will represent the opposite. formally, a probability measure is one that follows kolmogorov`s axioms. there are two main schools of thought on the meaning of probability. frequentists take a narrow interpretation of probability allowing only hypothetically repeatable events or experiments as being quantifiable by probability, while bayesians take a broader interpretation that allows reasoning about "one-shot" events and propositions based on the current knowledge about nature. the bayesian interpretation is most commonly used in artificial intelligence, while the frequentist interpretation is most commonly taught in statistics courses. the label "bayesian" arises from the central role that the bayes theorem plays in this use of probability. it allows one to reason from effects to causes and encourages the use of probability measures to describe supposedly fixed events or propositions which frequentists disallow. the probability for these events reflects one`s state of knowledge about the event, rather than being an assertion that the unknown event can vary. for example, a bayesian would have no qualms about making statements about the probability that a given die, rolled and hidden from his sight is, for example, a six. a frequentist would be unable to make such a statement, preferring to talk about his confidence in the method when applied to a hypothetically large number of repeated experiments. in the end, they would act in similar ways. when the long run data are available, bayesians and frequentists end up with the same estimates. see also: bayes theorem, kolmogorov`s axioms.
- Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления неко-его события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относитель-ная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результа-тов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].
- The likelihood of something happening. for example, sale being made.
- Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления некоего события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относительная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результатов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].
- The relative likelihood of a particular outcome among all possible outcomes.
- Likelihood that an event may occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1.
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Constraint propagation, английский
Many systems have a series of constraints on the values or properties. if these can be represented by a network of relationships, the systems can propagate the local constraints throughout the system to achieve global consistency. generally, when a stable system is updated with new data or a query, the constraints can be iteratively fired to cascade through the system until the values of the system reach a stable state. see also: relaxation procedures.
Minimax procedures, английский
Minimax procedures are procedures that operate to minimize the maximum loss that can result from a move or plan. it is commonly used in game theory and related problems that assume an opposing player who knows as much as you do. minimum description length principle (mdlp) the minimum description length principle (mdlp) states that the best theory for a given set of data is one that minimizes the sum of the length of the theory and the length of the data when using the theory as a predictor of the data. the length of both is measured in bits and the encoding scheme reflect one`s a priori probabilities. the mdlp can also be viewed as a bayesian maximum a posteriori (map) estimate. see also: bayesian, posterior. minimum message length (mml) minimum message length (mml) is a technique for measuring the complexity of a rule or set of rules, that is increasing in the complexity of both the data and the rule. selecting the mml rule is, essentially, an implementation of ockham`s rule. in this case, the complexity of an item is measured as the negative log (base 2) of its probability. it is proportional to the likelihood function. see also: likelihood, minimum description length principle. missing at random (mar) if the probability that a response attribute is missing is independent of its value and but depends on the value of the predictors, it is missing at random. likelihood-based analyses can ignore the mechanism behind the missing data, but many standard supervised learning techniques can produce invalid results if the missing cases are simply ignored. see also: missing completely at random, non-ignorably missing. missing completely at random (mcar) if the probability that a response attribute is missing is independent of its value and of the value of the predictors, then it is missing completely at random, and can be ignored in an analysis. see also: missing at random.
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