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Overloading
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- Surcharge
- Until the late nineteenth century ships could be (and often were) laden until their decks were almost awash. shipwrecks and crew losses became endemic, but any seaman who signed articles had to sail or risk being named a deserter and arrested. in 1856, an inspector of prisons reported that threequarters of the inmates of jails in south-western england were sailors, imprisoned for twelve weeks for refusing to sail in ships they considered unseaworthy. a decade later, four entire crews were jailed in succession for refusing to sail in a decrepit old tub named harkaway. she finally set sail for the west indies, manned by a fifth crew, but still hazardously overloaded. shipowners strongly resisted all attempts at regulation, and it was not until 1876 british vessels were legally required to indicate their safe laden draft. (see load lines, plimsoll mark.)
- Чрезмерное нагружение, перегрузка ~ of building components чрезмерное нагружение конструктивных элементов
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Overloading, английский
Surcharge, французский
Перегрузка, русский
Таможенная процедура, под которой товары перемещаются под таможенным контролем с транспортного средства, используемого при импорте, на транспортное средство, используемое при экспорте, в пределах территории одного и того же таможенного органа, являющегося одновременно таможенным органом импорта и экспорта
Переопределение;, русский
Перегрузка;, русский
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Nineteenth, английский
Unseaworthy, английский
Said of any vessel incapable of meeting the ordinary perils of the sea due to its state of maintenance, the capability of its crew, or any other factor.
Succession, английский
- A line of happenings, one after the other she had a succession of miscarriages.
- The orderly progression of changes in a community composition that occurs during development of vegetation in any area; from initial colonization to the attainment of the climax typical of a particular geographic area. micro s.: a dying tree, for example forced by winds to break causes a successional chain of events (also known as degrative succession. - see mosaic climax). autotropic s.: a temporal succession of species location principally involving plants. allogenic s.: a temporal succession of species at a location that is driven by external influences which alter conditions (contrary to autogenic); e.g. silt deposits changes a marshland to woodland. autogenic s.: a temporal succession of species at a location that is driven by processes operating with the community (contrary to allogenic), e.g. primary and secondary succession, that occur on newly exposed land. degraditive s.: degradable resources (feces, dead organisms) are utilized successively by a number of species; there is a link between succession on plant litter and soil formation. heterotrophic s.: a temporal succession of species at a location, principally involving animals. primary s.: soon after a region is denuded, a variety of pioneer species begin to colonize the bare ground and they modify the environmental conditions (e.g. a retreating glacier, early organisms provide the soils needed by succesing organisms - facilitation). secundary s.: follows major changes to an established ecosystem. catastrophic weather events, fire, or human activities all disturb the environment. after such an event on land, well-developed soil remains, giving pioneer species an easy foothold, but also on abandoned agricultural areas. order of s.: once an ecosystem is established, succesion does still take place on a smaller, slower, more complex scale. • degrative oos.: dead organic matter (feces etc ) trigger a succesional change of decomposing organisms until substance is completely recycled. • interactive oos.: interaction between species, e.g. herbivores in an habit; birds feed on caterpillar - too many caterpillars feeding on leaves can decrease competitiveness of plant, in which the bird lives. theories of s.: disturbances in ecosystems open up an area with the following scenarios: • facilitated: only certain pioneer species are capable of becoming established in the open space, but if certain species can exist and establish as adults under prevailing conditions, so that either can be: • tolerated: modification of the environment by early occupants has little or no effect on subsequent recruitment of later successional species, or • inhibited: occupants by early organisms make it less suitable for recruitment of late successional species, e.g. ulva sp.
- The passing of property or legal rights after death. the word commonly refers to the distribution of property under a state’s intestate succession laws, which determine who inherits property when someone dies without a valid will. when used in connection with real estate, the word refers to the passing of property by will or inheritance, as opposed to gift, grant, or purchase.
Overloaded, английский
Regulation, английский
- A rule or order prescribed for management or government
- Регулирование
- Регулирование, правило, постановление
- Any rule prescribing permitted or forbidden conduct, whether established by legislation or the action of an administrative agency; also
- The act of regulating the regulation of the body’s temperature
- Any systematic (rule-like or determinate) behavior of one part of a system that tends to restrict the fluctuations in behavior of another part of that system. while both parts must lie in the same feedback loop, regulation involves this basic asymmetry
- The process whereby the designated government authority provides oversight and establishes rules for firms in an industry. regulation places constraints on behavior, establishes good (or bad) incentives, and addresses issues that are politically contentious. decisions are implemented through a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law.
- Норма
- A rule or order issued by governmental executive authorities or regulatory agencies and having the force of law. regulations implement policies and are mostly specifi c for particular groups of people, legal entities or targeted activities. regulation is also the act of designing and imposing rules or orders. informational, transactional, administrative and political constraints in practice limit the regulator’s capability for implementing preferred policies.
- The order in which trains are run in practice so as to minimise delay
Нагружение, русский
Процесс приложения нагрузки
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Oversize (screening), английский
Refus
Overlapping, английский
- Recouvrement
- Совмещение; перекрытие; работа с перекрытием
- Extending processing ability and expanding experience by moving from one representational system to another.
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