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Market imperfections
| Глоссарий терминов коммунальных услуг |
Situations that differ from those that characterize efficient competitive markets. market power is inconsistent with perfect competition. also, when consumers are not aware of the consequences of decisions on their own health or well-being (e.g., unhealthy food or unsafe products), such consumer ignorance is sometimes viewed as a market imperfection. such imperfections provide a potential justification for government intervention (and antitrust and product labeling, in the above cases). see also market failures for another category of problems.
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Несовершенства рынка, русский
Ситуации, отличные от тех, которые являются характерными для эффективных конкурентных рынков. рыночная власть несовместима с совершенной конкуренцией. кроме того, когда потребители не в курсе возможных последствий принимаемых ими решений для здоровья или благосостояния (например, неправильное питание или небезопасная продукция), такая неосведомленность потребителей иногда рассматривается как несовершенство рынка. ситуации несовершенства рынка оправдывают вмешательство государства (применение антимонопольных мер и маркировка продукции в вышеназванных случаях). см. также провал рынка для другой категории проблем.
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Imperfect, английский
- A обозначаю- щий незаконченное действие | прошедшее несовершенное (тж. ~ tense) tense imperfective a несовершенный (вид; ант. perfective ) | n имперфектив; несовершенный вид (тж. ~ aspect; ант. perfective ) aspect
- Неполный; несовершенный
Imperfect arch, английский
A diminished arch.
Imperfect combustion, английский
Imperfect competition, английский
Situations where the equilibrium price is not the result of the impersonal forces of supply and demand—but due to the interaction relatively large rivals. the result of market structures that feature barriers to entry and differentiated products.
Imperfect data, английский
Неточные данные; неполные данные
Imperfect obligation, английский
Недействующее обязательство
Imperfect stopper closure, английский
Некрытие разливочного отверстия ковша стопором
Imperfect structure, английский
Imperfect title, английский
Недействительное право собственности
Imperfecte evolutus [a, um], латинский
Imperfection, французский
Imperfection, английский
Несовершенство; неполнота; недостаток; дефект
Imperfection of market, английский
Несовершенство рынка
Imperfection phenomenon, английский
Явление, связанное с наличием дефектов
Imperfectly drained soil, английский
Imperfectus [a, um], латинский
Market, английский
- Рынок
- Рынок, базар
- A geographic region in which a product is available. typically, market boundaries are determined by country/region boundaries.
- Usually refers to the equity market. "the market went down today" means that the value of the stock market dropped that day.
Market, английский
Market access, английский
- Доступ на рынок понятие обозначает степень, до которой данный товар или данная услуга могут конкурировать на другом рынке с продукцией местного производства в понятийной системе вто является правовым термином, охватывающим правительственные установления, при которых продукт может поступать в соответствующую страну на недискриминационных условиях с точки зрения вто, доступ к рынку выражается в случае с товарами в пограничных, тарифных и нетарифных мерах, а в случае с услугами – в мерах по регулированию на самом рынке
- Доступ на рынок
Market an invention, английский
Продать изобретение
Market analysis, английский
- Анализ состояния рынка; анализ рынка
- An analysis of technical corporate and market data used to predict movements in the market.
- Анализ спроса и предложения
Characterize, английский
Competitive, английский
Конкурентоспособный
Inconsistent, английский
Противоречивый; несовместимый; несогласованный
Competition, английский
- Struggle among trees and other vegetation, generally for limited nutrients, light, and water present on a site. competition can cause reduced tree growth. severe competition in very dense stands may cause stand stagnation (17).
- Конкуренция в реальной экономике всевозможные сочетания таких факторов, как человеческая изобретательность, высокие таможенные барьеры по отношению к продукции тех или иных отраслей, рост эффективности производства ввиду его крупных масштабов и пр мешают развернуться настоящей конкуренции правительства многих стран признают этот факт и стремятся поддержать конкуренцию посредством антимонопольных законов и политических мер
- Соревнование
- Конкуренция
- Interaction between members of the same population or of two or more populations to obtain a resource that both require and which is available in limited supply, hence, limiting overall fitness (survival, growth, reproduction of an organism). asymmetrical c.: competition between two organisms (or species) in which one is much more severely affected than the other (principle of displacement of the weaker by the stronger organism). exclusion c.: the elimination from an area or habitat of one species by another through interspecific competition. exploitation c.: competition in which any adverse effects on an organism are brought about by reductions in resource levels caused by other competing organisms (on a first come first serve basis). interference c.: competition between two organisms in which one physically excludes the other from a portion of a habitat and hence from the resources that could be exploited there. interspecific c.: competition between individuals for the same limited resources by different species - (exclusion principle of gausse) competing species relying on the same ecological resources cannot exist together. intraspecific c.: competition between individuals for the same limited resources by the same species. symmetrical c.: (see asymmetrical competition).
- Businesses that sell similar products or services and compete for the same customer segment.
- Intra- or intermarket rivalry between or among businesses trying to obtain a larger piece of the same market share.
- Competition tends to come in two varieties: competition among the few (a market with a small number of sellers or buyers, such that each can exercise some degree of market power) and competition among the many (perfect competition - a market with so many buyers and sellers that none is able to influence the market price or quantity exchanged).
- There are two types of competition:
Consequences, английский
Justification, английский
- N обоснование juxtaposing n соположение
- The process of aligning text along both the left and right margins.
- Представление поручителем доказательства платежеспособности должника, за которого он поручился
- It might be lawful for a person or organisation to treat you unfavourably if they can show that: there were valid intentions behind their action (such as ensuring the health and safety of others, or keeping up staff attendance so that their business can run properly), and it was an appropriate action to take in the circumstance. legally this is called a `justification`. whoever is deciding whether or not unfavourable treatment is justified needs to balance the needs of both sides carefully, which can be very complicated. l
Government, английский
- N управление ~ and binding (theory) управление и связыва- ние (концепция )
- Generally means the constitution of our country as exercised under the legislature of king or queen, lords, and commons.
- The acts, rules, procedures, instruments of power and institutions by which the citizens of a country (or more generally the parts of a system) communicate with (->communication) and exert control upon each other so that the country as a whole maintains its unity and is directed toward ends chosen from within that country (->self-organization, ->autonomy). its opposite is laissez faire. in the reality of politics, government is rarely uniformly distributed and constituted (->constitution) instead in a ruling elite, exercising institutional control over those governed. this unequal distribution of government is particularly prevalent in technical realisations. e.g., the governor of a steam engine, computer control of a production process. in biology, such control hierachies (->hierarchy) rarely exist which suggest that they may be an outgrowth of rational constuctions not a fact of nature. qeafh
- An app category that facilitates engagement with government or politics.
Intervention, английский
- An action by which a third person who may be affected by a lawsuit is permitted to become a party to the suit. differs from the process of becoming an amicus curiae
- Участие центральных банков в процессе регулирования цен на рынке валют;
- A treatment
- Вмешательство
- Вмешательство (в работу системы)
- Any form of government interference with market mechanisms, especially as an attempt to influence market outcomes, e.g., setting environmental standards or establishing price controls.
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Imperfect competition, английский
Situations where the equilibrium price is not the result of the impersonal forces of supply and demand—but due to the interaction relatively large rivals. the result of market structures that feature barriers to entry and differentiated products.
Price cap excessive returns, английский
Since a pure price cap regulation can result in a firm obtaining very high realized rates of return under favorable scenarios (and successful cost-cutting), regulators sometimes adopt a hybrid scheme that can involve sharing high returns with customers if those returns exceed a trigger point. in addition, a maximum return can be specified if there are negative political consequences to high reported returns. note, such sharing rules or caps on returns dampens the firm’s incentives for cost containment-leading to incentives similar to those under rate of return regulation.
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